This book has a terrific title. Every dictator should have a copy. In it
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith explain the brainchild they
call the �selectorate� theory.

The focus of that theory is the leadership of governments, organizations,
business establishments, and other associations. Leaders� power and
longevity depend on the balance of power among three key groups in their
respective communities: 1) the nominal selectorate, or �interchangeables�;
2) the real selectorate, or �influentials�; and 3) the winning coalition,
or �essentials.� The nominal selectorate consists of the pool of all
potential supporters. The real selectorate is the group actually choosing
the leader. And the winning coalition is the subset of the real
selectorate on whose support the survival of all leaders depends.

The crucial implication of the authors� analysis is that our belief that
there is a great difference between dictators and democratic
�representatives� is just a convenient fiction. In their Machiavellian
view, all kinds of rulers aim at their own survival, not �the public
good.�

Dictatorships are defined by a large nominal selectorate (such as all
adult citizens in China, or the entire royal family in Saudi Arabia), a
relatively small real selectorate (members of the Party in China, senior
princes in Saudi Arabia), and a small winning coalition (members of the
Central Committee of the Party in China, the innermost group of princes in
Saudi Arabia). Democracy is defined by a very large nominal selectorate
(one person, one vote in the United States), an almost equally large real
selectorate, and a large winning coalition (about one-fifth of the vote,
efficiently placed across the United States.)

Bueno de Mesquita and Smith offer numerous observations in support of
their claim that the three key groups provide the foundation for our
understanding of the workings of governments and other types of
associations. Observations range from the policies of medieval kings to
Saddam Hussein�s rise to power; from the founding of American democracy to
City Manager Robert �Ratzo� Rizzo of Bell, California (whose mastery of
selectorate theory wheedled him a prodigious salary in a small, poor
town); from Tiananmen Square in China to the 2011 revolution in Egypt.

The authors argue that democracies have large winning coalitions and
dictatorships have small ones. By implication, survival for dictators
depends on the provision of private goods for the winning coalition�for
the essentials�and requires little if any concern about providing public
goods for the interchangeables or even the influentials. �Members of a
small coalition live in luxurious but constant fear: make the coalition
smaller . . . and they may be out; make the coalition bigger and their
special privileges diminish.� Leaders in democracies where the real
selectorate is almost the same as the nominal selectorate, and the winning
coalition is large, must provide the �hugely valuable public good called
freedom.�

While the authors identify democracies with freedom, they do not address
the incentive of leaders to seek a balance between social responsibilities
and individual liberty. They merely note that in addition to guaranteeing
free speech, free assembly, and a free press, democracies must also
satisfy demand for public goods such as education, health care, and a
welfare safety net. All of that spending covers a multitude of special
interest programs that benefit their supporters.

Selectorate theory claims to be a complete theory, explaining the rise,
behavior, and demise of governments, organizations, business
establishments, and human associations. This isn�t the first attempt at a
complete theory of history. Karl Marx used two key variables to develop
another complete theory of human history: 1) the productive forces,
representing the relation between man and nature in the process of
production, and 2) the relations of production or property rights,
representing the relation among men themselves in the process of
production. With clever use of those two variables and the labor theory of
value, Marx thought he could fully explain the past and predict the
future. A number of empirical tests of Marx�s theory of history in the
last century (some still going on) contradict its premises.

Selectorate theory with its three variables is more benign and better
grounded in positive analysis than Marxism. The authors identify and
discuss the factors (the three key groups) that determine the political
and economic lives of different human associations, but they skip analysis
of the circumstances on which those factors depend. Like Marxism,
selectorate theory falls short as a theory of political, social, and
economic forces at work throughout history.

Nevertheless, the book is very readable and full of important observations
that shed light on the reasons why people in power act the way they do.

Svetozar Pejovich

<https://fee.org/articles/the-dictators-handbook-why-bad-behavior-is-
almost-always-good-politics/>