I have studied IDEF1X for some time, which has greatly
improved my database designs. I have read previous
discussions in this newgroups and browsed online through the
many excellent documents by SoftwareGems.

I think I understand IDEF1X methodology quite well, bit
I still have a few doubts:

1. under what circumstances is it possible, necessary or
advisable to migrate an alternate key rather than the
primary key? For example, in this document:

https://www.softwaregems.com.au/Documents/Article/Normalisation/DNF%20Nicola%20B.pdf

the AK (Student,DateTime) is migrated from Exam Booking to
Exam Location. Is that a bad design practice? I am not
talking about this specific example, but about a general
approach. AFAIK, IDEF1X does not allow migrating anything
other than primary keys, but maybe that's too restrictive?

2. under what circumstances is possible, necessary or
advisable to enforce a unique constraint (AK) on a subset of
a primary key? This is something I have seen in some
documents by SoftwareGems, see for example CustomerCar and
DealerCar here:

https://www.softwaregems.com.au/Documents/Student%20Resolutions/Xghost-1%20TA.png

or FormField here:

https://www.softwaregems.com.au/Documents/Student_Resolutions/Katai%20TA_3.png

That seems to contradict what I have learned, namely that
a primary key must be a *minimal* set of unique attributes.
AFAIU, that is done to strenghten integrity. But then, why
not define a minimal primary key and migrate the key plus
some other attributes? If implemented, this solution would
require one index (on the primary key). But if a subset of
the key is subject to a unique constraint, then one needs to
define two indexes. For instance, in the above model there
must be an index on (FormName,FieldName,FieldType) and
another one on (FormName,FieldName). It seems to me that the
latter makes the former unnecessary (maybe in some DBMS, one
cannot define a foreign key constraint on a set of
attributes larger than a key?)

3. in Loomis, The Database Book (which I found on
archive.org), I have seen an example (fig. 3.23) of
a category hieararchy in which the primary key of the parent
migrates outside the primary key of some category (I know
that subtype is better, maybe I should say subtype). The
generic entity is:

Investment(Date, Source)

with PK (Date,Source). That is specialized into:

Stock(Company, Grade, Date, Source), with PK (Company, Grade, Date)

(yes, that is not a mistake) and

Bond(Bond#, Date, Source) with PK (Bond#)

The book describes Data Modeling Technique (DMT), not
IDEF1X, so the rules may not be the same. It is clear to me
that Stock cannot be a subtype of Investment in IDEF1X
because it's one-to-many. But (and this is partly related to
my first question) the example left me wondering whether
Bond can be considered a subtype if (Date,Source) is made an
alternate key of Bond. Is this (subtyping and then
exchanging the PK with an AK) bad practice?

I thank in advance whoever would find the time to help me
resolve some of doubts. I would appreciate it if any
guideline you may provide is accompanied with the reasonin
behind it, rather than just say "that's fine/that's bad".

Marc