"By at least one measure, China now leads the world in producing high-quality science. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers globally than scientists from any other country.

I am a policy expert and analyst who studies how governmental investment in science, technology and innovation improves social welfare. While a country's scientific prowess is somewhat difficult to quantify, I'd argue that the amount of money spent on scientific research, the number of scholarly papers published and the quality of those papers are good stand-in measures.

China is not the only nation to drastically improve its science capacity in recent years, but China's rise has been particularly dramatic. This has left U.S. policy experts and government officials worried about how China's scientific supremacy will shift the global balance of power. China's recent ascendancy results from years of governmental policy aiming to be tops in science and technology. The country has taken explicit steps to get where it is today, and the U.S. now has a choice to make about how to respond to a scientifically competitive China.
....
My colleagues and I counted how many papers published by a country were in the top 1% of science as measured by the number of citations in various disciplines. Going year by year from 2015 to 2019, we then compared different countries. We were surprised to find that in 2019, Chinese authors published a greater percentage of the most influential papers, with China claiming 8,422 articles in the top category, while the U.S had 7,959 and the European Union had 6,074. In just one recent example, we found that in 2022, Chinese researchers published three times as many papers on artificial intelligence as U.S. researchers; in the top 1% most cited AI research, Chinese papers outnumbered U.S. papers by a 2-to-1 ratio. Similar patterns can be seen with China leading in the top 1% most cited papers in nanoscience, chemistry and transportation.

Our research also found that Chinese research was surprisingly novel and creative—and not simply copying western researchers. To measure this, we looked at the mix of disciplines referenced in scientific papers. The more diverse and varied the referenced research was in a single paper, the more interdisciplinary and novel we considered the work. We found Chinese research to be as innovative as other top performing countries.

Taken together, these measures suggest that China is now no longer an imitator nor producer of only low-quality science. China is now a scientific power on par with the U.S. and Europe, both in quantity and in quality.

Fear or collaboration?

Scientific capability is intricately tied to both military and economic power. Because of this relationship, many in the U.S.—from politicians to policy experts—have expressed concern that China's scientific rise is a threat to the U.S., and the government has taken steps to slow China's growth. The recent Chips and Science Act of 2022 explicitly limits cooperation with China in some areas of research and manufacturing. In October 2022, the Biden administration put restrictions in place to limit China's access to key technologies with military applications.

A number of scholars, including me, see these fears and policy responses as rooted in a nationalistic view that doesn't wholly map onto the global endeavor of science.

Academic research in the modern world is in large part driven by the exchange of ideas and information."

https://phys.org/news/2023-01-china-publishes-high-quality-science-nation.html

On Monday, July 3, 2023 at 11:47:26 AM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:
> "By at least one measure, China now leads the world in producing high-quality science. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers globally than scientists from any other country.
>
> I am a policy expert and analyst who studies how governmental investment in science, technology and innovation improves social welfare. While a country's scientific prowess is somewhat difficult to quantify, I'd argue that the amount of money spent on scientific research, the number of scholarly papers published and the quality of those papers are good stand-in measures.
>
> China is not the only nation to drastically improve its science capacity in recent years, but China's rise has been particularly dramatic. This has left U.S. policy experts and government officials worried about how China's scientific supremacy will shift the global balance of power. China's recent ascendancy results from years of governmental policy aiming to be tops in science and technology. The country has taken explicit steps to get where it is today, and the U.S. now has a choice to make about how to respond to a scientifically competitive China.
> ...
> My colleagues and I counted how many papers published by a country were in the top 1% of science as measured by the number of citations in various disciplines. Going year by year from 2015 to 2019, we then compared different countries. We were surprised to find that in 2019, Chinese authors published a greater percentage of the most influential papers, with China claiming 8,422 articles in the top category, while the U.S had 7,959 and the European Union had 6,074. In just one recent example, we found that in 2022, Chinese researchers published three times as many papers on artificial intelligence as U.S. researchers; in the top 1% most cited AI research, Chinese papers outnumbered U.S. papers by a 2-to-1 ratio. Similar patterns can be seen with China leading in the top 1% most cited papers in nanoscience, chemistry and transportation.
>
> Our research also found that Chinese research was surprisingly novel and creative—and not simply copying western researchers. To measure this, we looked at the mix of disciplines referenced in scientific papers. The more diverse and varied the referenced research was in a single paper, the more interdisciplinary and novel we considered the work. We found Chinese research to be as innovative as other top performing countries.
>
> Taken together, these measures suggest that China is now no longer an imitator nor producer of only low-quality science. China is now a scientific power on par with the U.S. and Europe, both in quantity and in quality.
>
> Fear or collaboration?
>
> Scientific capability is intricately tied to both military and economic power. Because of this relationship, many in the U.S.—from politicians to policy experts—have expressed concern that China's scientific rise is a threat to the U.S., and the government has taken steps to slow China's growth. The recent Chips and Science Act of 2022 explicitly limits cooperation with China in some areas of research and manufacturing. In October 2022, the Biden administration put restrictions in place to limit China's access to key technologies with military applications.
>
> A number of scholars, including me, see these fears and policy responses as rooted in a nationalistic view that doesn't wholly map onto the global endeavor of science.
>
> Academic research in the modern world is in large part driven by the exchange of ideas and information."
>
> https://phys.org/news/2023-01-china-publishes-high-quality-science-nation..html

Company level R & D:
https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/which-companies-spend-the-most-in-research-and-development-rd-2021-06-21

"Amazon (AMZN), $42.74 billion
....
Alphabet (GOOG, GOOGL), $27.57 billion
....
Huawei, $22.04 billion

Huawei is a leading global provider of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and smart
devices. During the fiscal 2020, it spent around ¥141.893 billion on R&D, which is equivalent to $22.04 billion. Its R&D
spending constituted 15.9% of its total revenue of ¥891.37 billion in fiscal 2020.

Huawei is one of the world’s largest patent holders; the company was granted 2,761 patents in 2020, an increase of 14%
vis-à-vis 2019. Overall, Huawei has more than 100,000 active patents across 40,000 plus families. The number of people
working in R&D at Huawei is around 105,000, which is more than half of its total workforce. The company has three guiding
principles when it comes to ecosystem and industry development—growth in the industry, work together, and share value.
Huawei has partnered with major industry players to innovate in emerging domains such as cloud computing, 5G, and the
Internet of Things (IoT).

Microsoft (MSFT), $19.27 billion
....
Apple (AAPL), $18.75 billion
....
Samsung, $18.75 billion
....
Facebook (FB), $18.45 billion"

On Tuesday, July 4, 2023 at 12:26:18 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:
> On Monday, July 3, 2023 at 11:47:26 AM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:
> > "By at least one measure, China now leads the world in producing high-quality science. My research shows that Chinese scholars now publish a larger fraction of the top 1% most cited scientific papers globally than scientists from any other country.
> >
> > I am a policy expert and analyst who studies how governmental investment in science, technology and innovation improves social welfare. While a country's scientific prowess is somewhat difficult to quantify, I'd argue that the amount of money spent on scientific research, the number of scholarly papers published and the quality of those papers are good stand-in measures.
> >
> > China is not the only nation to drastically improve its science capacity in recent years, but China's rise has been particularly dramatic. This has left U.S. policy experts and government officials worried about how China's scientific supremacy will shift the global balance of power. China's recent ascendancy results from years of governmental policy aiming to be tops in science and technology. The country has taken explicit steps to get where it is today, and the U.S. now has a choice to make about how to respond to a scientifically competitive China.
> > ...
> > My colleagues and I counted how many papers published by a country were in the top 1% of science as measured by the number of citations in various disciplines. Going year by year from 2015 to 2019, we then compared different countries. We were surprised to find that in 2019, Chinese authors published a greater percentage of the most influential papers, with China claiming 8,422 articles in the top category, while the U.S had 7,959 and the European Union had 6,074. In just one recent example, we found that in 2022, Chinese researchers published three times as many papers on artificial intelligence as U.S. researchers; in the top 1% most cited AI research, Chinese papers outnumbered U.S. papers by a 2-to-1 ratio. Similar patterns can be seen with China leading in the top 1% most cited papers in nanoscience, chemistry and transportation.
> >
> > Our research also found that Chinese research was surprisingly novel and creative—and not simply copying western researchers. To measure this, we looked at the mix of disciplines referenced in scientific papers. The more diverse and varied the referenced research was in a single paper, the more interdisciplinary and novel we considered the work. We found Chinese research to be as innovative as other top performing countries.
> >
> > Taken together, these measures suggest that China is now no longer an imitator nor producer of only low-quality science. China is now a scientific power on par with the U.S. and Europe, both in quantity and in quality.
> >
> > Fear or collaboration?
> >
> > Scientific capability is intricately tied to both military and economic power. Because of this relationship, many in the U.S.—from politicians to policy experts—have expressed concern that China's scientific rise is a threat to the U.S., and the government has taken steps to slow China's growth. The recent Chips and Science Act of 2022 explicitly limits cooperation with China in some areas of research and manufacturing. In October 2022, the Biden administration put restrictions in place to limit China's access to key technologies with military applications.
> >
> > A number of scholars, including me, see these fears and policy responses as rooted in a nationalistic view that doesn't wholly map onto the global endeavor of science.
> >
> > Academic research in the modern world is in large part driven by the exchange of ideas and information."
> >
> > https://phys.org/news/2023-01-china-publishes-high-quality-science-nation.html
> Company level R & D:
> https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/which-companies-spend-the-most-in-research-and-development-rd-2021-06-21
>
> "Amazon (AMZN), $42.74 billion
> ...
> Alphabet (GOOG, GOOGL), $27.57 billion
> ...
> Huawei, $22.04 billion
>
> Huawei is a leading global provider of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and smart
> devices. During the fiscal 2020, it spent around ¥141.893 billion on R&D, which is equivalent to $22.04 billion. Its R&D
> spending constituted 15.9% of its total revenue of ¥891.37 billion in fiscal 2020.
>
> Huawei is one of the world’s largest patent holders; the company was granted 2,761 patents in 2020, an increase of 14%
> vis-à-vis 2019. Overall, Huawei has more than 100,000 active patents across 40,000 plus families. The number of people
> working in R&D at Huawei is around 105,000, which is more than half of its total workforce. The company has three guiding
> principles when it comes to ecosystem and industry development—growth in the industry, work together, and share value.
> Huawei has partnered with major industry players to innovate in emerging domains such as cloud computing, 5G, and the
> Internet of Things (IoT).
>
> Microsoft (MSFT), $19.27 billion
> ...
> Apple (AAPL), $18.75 billion
> ...
> Samsung, $18.75 billion
> ...
> Facebook (FB), $18.45 billion"

Huawei's advance has drawn American irk but greatly benefits industrial productivity.

"In April, the top Chinese auto manufacturer BYD unveiled a compact electric vehicle with an
$11,300 sticker price, well within the range of consumers in China and large parts of the
Global South.

5G networks also multiply the productivity of ports and mines. Mining operations routinely
damage communication cables, a problem solved by broadband.

5G broadband can link thousands of cameras in a coal mine, sending thousands of images
per second to the Cloud, where AI algorithms identify potential problems before they cause
damage, according to Huawei Technologies, the world’s largest provider of 5G hardware and
applications. Operators on the surface control giant tunneling machines and conveyor belts
with a minimum of personnel underground.

At China’s Tianjin Port, a 5G/AI system has reduced the unloading time for a large container
ship to 45 minutes from the previous eight hours. Automated cranes read bar codes on
containers and place them rapidly onto autonomous trucks that bring them to automated
warehouses."

https://asiatimes.com/2023/05/fourth-industrial-revolution-slow-to-start-in-america/