Thoughts on "What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in
the Middle East" by Bernard Lewis.
From when Islam was founded, through the end of Medieval Times
around 1500, and in many important areas, "For many centuries the world
of Islam was in the forefront of human civilization and achievement".
These areas included military, economic, and scientific.
Then things headed differently.

As Goodreads says,"Hailed in The New York Times Book Review as
"the doyen of Middle Eastern studies," Bernard Lewis is one of
the West's foremost authorities on Islamic history and culture.
In this striking volume, he offers an incisive look at the historical
relationship between the Middle East and Europe."

About partitions
This is from Bernard Lewis's book "What went wrong, the clash between
Islam and modernity in the Middle East" on page 36,
"the Muslim jurists discuss discuss at some lengths whether it is
permissible for a Muslim to live in another non-Muslim country… The
general consensus of the classical jurists is no. It is not possible
for a Muslim to live a good Muslim life in an infidel land. You must
leave home and go to some Muslim country. An even harder case was posed
by the reconquest of Spain. If a Muslim land is conquered by the
Christians may they stay under a Christian rule? The answer was again
no, they may not stay the Morrocan all watch Rassie considering the case
of Spain posed with turned out to be a purely hypothetical question if
the Christian government is tolerant and allows them to practice their
religion may they then stay his answer was there in that case it is all
a more important for them to leave because under a tolerant government
the danger of apostasy is greater.

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Lewis, Bernard.What Went Wrong : The Clash between Islam ...
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by C Lamb · 2008 — Lamb, Connie (2008) "Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong:
The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East. Nasr, Seyyed.
Hossein.

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What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity ...
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What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle
East. Front Cover. Bernard Lewis. HarperCollins, 2002 - History - 208
pages.