Comrade is linked to Camera.

Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion, Commune, etc.

______________________

Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce titre.
=== I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use this title.

From the above, i infer that
1. R and L are similar.
2. Count and Earl are similar.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3

i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.

i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
-- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.

henh...@gmail.com wrote:
> Comrade is linked to Camera.
>
> Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion, Commune, etc.
>
> ______________________
>
> Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce titre.
> === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use this title.
>
> From the above, i infer that
> 1. R and L are similar.
> 2. Count and Earl are similar.
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
>
>
> i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
>
> i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
> -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.
Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
We get "count" from that through French "comte".
"Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
Ed

On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 1:48:10 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
> > Comrade is linked to Camera.
> >
> > Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion, Commune, etc.
> >
> > ______________________
> >
> > Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce titre.
> > === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use this title.
> >
> > From the above, i infer that
> > 1. R and L are similar.
> > 2. Count and Earl are similar.
> > https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
> >
> >
> > i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
> >
> > i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
> > -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.

> Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
> under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
> The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
> came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
> We get "count" from that through French "comte".
> "Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
>
> Ed

hi.... thank you... most of that was new to me.

i was thinking of the (superficial) similarly between Comte and Comintern.

Duke is Duc in French, so i thnk Joyce links it to Ducks in FW.

henh...@gmail.com wrote:
> On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 1:48:10 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
>> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
>>> Comrade is linked to Camera.
>>>
>>> Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion, Commune, etc.
>>>
>>> ______________________
>>>
>>> Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce titre.
>>> === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use this title.
>>>
>>> From the above, i infer that
>>> 1. R and L are similar.
>>> 2. Count and Earl are similar.
>>> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
>>>
>>>
>>> i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
>>>
>>> i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
>>> -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.
>
>> Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
>> under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
>> The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
>> came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
>> We get "count" from that through French "comte".
>> "Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
>>
>> Ed
>
> hi.... thank you... most of that was new to me.
>
> i was thinking of the (superficial) similarly between Comte and Comintern.
>
> Duke is Duc in French, so i thnk Joyce links it to Ducks in FW.
Some of your etymology gives me a chuckle. It's cute but seems to come
from a different place from mine.
My speciality is Romance languages; Latin >>> French and Spanish and
Italian and Romanian; and, of course, many aspects in English.
Here's one you might appreciate.
England was conquered by the Normandy-French in 1066. The French became
the aristocracy; with a medieval serf society all around that spoke
Anglosaxon.
We have a mixture of Germanic/ Romance items which includes food.
The Norman aristocracy wanted to be served pork, mutton, beef.
Our peasants farmed pigs, sheep and cows.
Ed

Ed Cryer wrote:
> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
>> On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 1:48:10 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
>>> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
>>>> Comrade is linked to Camera.
>>>>
>>>> Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion,
>>>> Commune, etc.
>>>>
>>>> ______________________
>>>>
>>>> Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce
>>>> titre.
>>>> === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use
>>>> this title.
>>>>
>>>>  From the above, i infer that
>>>> 1. R and L are similar.
>>>> 2. Count and Earl are similar.
>>>> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
>>>>
>>>> i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
>>>> -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.
>>
>>> Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
>>> under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
>>> The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
>>> came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
>>> We get "count" from that through French "comte".
>>> "Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
>>>
>>> Ed
>>
>> hi.... thank you... most of that was new to me.
>>
>> i was thinking of the (superficial) similarly between Comte and
>> Comintern.
>>
>> Duke is Duc in French, so i thnk Joyce links it to Ducks in FW.
>
> Some of your etymology gives me a chuckle. It's cute but seems to come
> from a different place from mine.
> My speciality is Romance languages; Latin >>> French and Spanish and
> Italian and Romanian; and, of course, many aspects in English.
>
> Here's one you might appreciate.
> England was conquered by the Normandy-French in 1066. The French became
> the aristocracy; with a medieval serf society all around that spoke
> Anglosaxon.
> We have a mixture of Germanic/ Romance items which includes food.
> The Norman aristocracy wanted to be served pork, mutton, beef.
> Our peasants farmed pigs, sheep and cows.
>
> Ed
>
>
>
My etymology is preceded and led by a knowledge of European history. How
the Hellenic world gave place to the Roman world; how the Roman Empire
collapsed to barbarian invasions, and how medieval Europe arose, the
Renaissance and nationalism.
Yours appears to be predominated by modern theories of
Proto-IndoEuropean >> IndoEuropean >> sounds-like-this-could-be-it.
I guess both of us could be led astray by predetermined ideas, but
something in me says you're more likely to be than me.
I work at the ground level; the terrain where cultures meet; where
people at the frontiers have to communicate with the newcomers for rent
of horses or info about what lies beyond the mountains. They develop a
pidgin-style lingo; "You wanta equos for hire?". And the more that alien
culture invades, the more its lingo gets used.
Ed
P.S. Europe and Western Asia knew nothing of the far East until the Silk
Road got serious; and that wasn't until the first century BC. And, even
then, what little we knew was infantile. Not until the 13th century and
Marco Polo's reports, did we see anything comparable to the great
cultures of China. There must have been lots of very interesting
linguistic exchanges along its reach, but very little has passed into
modern European lingo. Far more words come from the British Raj in
India, 18th - 19th centuries.

Ed Cryer wrote:
> Ed Cryer wrote:
>> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
>>> On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 1:48:10 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
>>>> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
>>>>> Comrade is linked to Camera.
>>>>>
>>>>> Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion,
>>>>> Commune, etc.
>>>>>
>>>>> ______________________
>>>>>
>>>>> Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter
>>>>> ce titre.
>>>>> === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use
>>>>> this title.
>>>>>
>>>>>  From the above, i infer that
>>>>> 1. R and L are similar.
>>>>> 2. Count and Earl are similar.
>>>>> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
>>>>>
>>>>> i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
>>>>> -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.
>>>
>>>> Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
>>>> under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
>>>> The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
>>>> came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
>>>> We get "count" from that through French "comte".
>>>> "Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
>>>>
>>>> Ed
>>>
>>> hi.... thank you... most of that was new to me.
>>>
>>> i was thinking of the (superficial) similarly between Comte and
>>> Comintern.
>>>
>>> Duke is Duc in French, so i thnk Joyce links it to Ducks in FW.
>>
>> Some of your etymology gives me a chuckle. It's cute but seems to come
>> from a different place from mine.
>> My speciality is Romance languages; Latin >>> French and Spanish and
>> Italian and Romanian; and, of course, many aspects in English.
>>
>> Here's one you might appreciate.
>> England was conquered by the Normandy-French in 1066. The French
>> became the aristocracy; with a medieval serf society all around that
>> spoke Anglosaxon.
>> We have a mixture of Germanic/ Romance items which includes food.
>> The Norman aristocracy wanted to be served pork, mutton, beef.
>> Our peasants farmed pigs, sheep and cows.
>>
>> Ed
>>
>>
>>
>
> My etymology is preceded and led by a knowledge of European history. How
> the Hellenic world gave place to the Roman world; how the Roman Empire
> collapsed to barbarian invasions, and how medieval Europe arose, the
> Renaissance and nationalism.
> Yours appears to be predominated by modern theories of
> Proto-IndoEuropean >> IndoEuropean >> sounds-like-this-could-be-it.
>
> I guess both of us could be led astray by predetermined ideas, but
> something in me says you're more likely to be than me.
>
> I work at the ground level; the terrain where cultures meet; where
> people at the frontiers have to communicate with the newcomers for rent
> of horses or info about what lies beyond the mountains. They develop a
> pidgin-style lingo; "You wanta equos for hire?". And the more that alien
> culture invades, the more its lingo gets used.
>
> Ed
>
> P.S. Europe and Western Asia knew nothing of the far East until the Silk
> Road got serious; and that wasn't until the first century BC. And, even
> then, what little we knew was infantile. Not until the 13th century and
> Marco Polo's reports, did we see anything comparable to the great
> cultures of China. There must have been lots of very interesting
> linguistic exchanges along its reach, but very little has passed into
> modern European lingo. Far more words come from the British Raj in
> India, 18th - 19th centuries.
>
>
Languages aren't made by intellectuals. They're not made by
philosophers, librarians or beauticians. They're made by common people
doing their best to understand what that foreigner wants.
Intellectuals later document the lingos, but they use the vernaculars
created on the streets and highways to write the very books in which
they publish their dictionaries.
And while we're in this Latin group, why Latin? Well, it became the
lingua franca of Europe, a language to cross borders. Until the great
Scientific Revolution (that is, when it became obvious how meaning of
individual words varied from country to country), cast it aside.
Language and meaning? They're very different. The structure of words
comes from one arena, while meaning comes from elsewhere.
Ed

On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 11:05:33 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
> > On Saturday, April 22, 2023 at 1:48:10 AM UTC-7, Ed Cryer wrote:
> >> henh...@gmail.com wrote:
> >>> Comrade is linked to Camera.
> >>>
> >>> Comte (in terms of etymology) is not linked to Comrade, Companion, Commune, etc.
> >>>
> >>> ______________________
> >>>
> >>> Je présume que si un fils puîné devient comte, il cesse de porter ce titre.
> >>> === I presume that if a younger son becomes Earl, he ceases to use this title.
> >>>
> >>> From the above, i infer that
> >>> 1. R and L are similar.
> >>> 2. Count and Earl are similar.
> >>> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comte#Etymology_3
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> i'm watching this nice movie about the Dutchess of Devonshire.
> >>>
> >>> i didn't realize how powerful a Duke was
> >>> -- his power and wealth are what i imagined what a King would have.
> >
> >> Philip II of Macedon called his elite cavalry captains ἑταῖροι; and
> >> under his son Alexander they became his inner circle.
> >> The Romans translated that as "comites"; and under the emperors it just
> >> came to mean "courtiers", until "comes" was used as a title of office.
> >> We get "count" from that through French "comte".
> >> "Duke" is from "dux", general or field-commander.
> >>
> >> Ed
> >
> > hi.... thank you... most of that was new to me.
> >
> > i was thinking of the (superficial) similarly between Comte and Comintern.
> >
> > Duke is Duc in French, so i thnk Joyce links it to Ducks in FW.
> Some of your etymology gives me a chuckle. It's cute but seems to come
> from a different place from mine.
> My speciality is Romance languages; Latin >>> French and Spanish and
> Italian and Romanian; and, of course, many aspects in English.
>
> Here's one you might appreciate.
> England was conquered by the Normandy-French in 1066. The French became
> the aristocracy; with a medieval serf society all around that spoke
> Anglosaxon.
> We have a mixture of Germanic/ Romance items which includes food.
> The Norman aristocracy wanted to be served pork, mutton, beef.
> Our peasants farmed pigs, sheep and cows.
>
> Ed

hi... thanks... (i'll look at the 2 more messages, later)

[Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English]
(2008) by John McWhorter

in this book, i think McWhorter is saying htat
mixing of languages occurred between English and Celtic (language).

he says that [Do ... ?] and [Does .... ?] in English come(s) from Celtic (Gaelic) sources.

i remember ... the 1st time i read this book, i was fascinated by...

Page ix ( Anglo-Saxon -- French -- Latinate )

ask -- question -- interrogate

conflagration -- fire -- flame