https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/Suppl_1/jeb186924/2802/The-navigational-nose-a-new-hypothesis-for-the
06 FEBRUARY 2019

ABSTRACT
One of the outstanding questions in evolution is why Homo erectus became
the first primate species to evolve the external pyramid, i.e. an external
nose.
The accepted hypothesis for this trait has been its role in respiration,
to warm
and humidify air as it is inspired. However, new studies testing the key
assumptions of the conditioning hypothesis, such as the importance of
turbulence to enhance heat and moisture exchange, have called this hypothesis
into question. The human nose has two functions, however, respiration and
olfaction. It is thus also possible that the external nose evolved in
response to
selection for olfaction. The genus Homo had many adaptations for
long-distance
locomotion, which allowed Homo erectus to greatly expand its species range,
from Africa to Asia. Long-distance navigation in birds and other species
is often accomplished by orientation to environmental odors. Such
olfactory navigation,
in turn, is enhanced by stereo olfaction, made possible by the separation
of the
olfactory sensors. By these principles, the human external nose could have
evolved to separate olfactory inputs to enhance stereo olfaction. This
could also
explain why nose shape later became so variable: as humans became more
sedentary in the Neolithic, a decreasing need for long-distance movements
could
have been replaced by selection for other olfactory functions, such as
detecting
disease, that would have been critical to survival in newly dense human
settlements.

"The external pyramid first appeared in Homo erectus (Franciscus and
Trinkaus, 1988)
(Fig. 6). Early Homo evolved in an increasingly unpredictable climate,
with periods of
great aridity, and forest habitats changing to grasslands (Antón et al.,
2014). This
change in climate and habitat structure led to selection in Homo for a
suite of traits
to increase bipedal locomotory efficiency, such as increased lower limb
length, which allowed archaic humans to forage more economically for
widely dispersed resources (Steudel-Numbers, 2006; Bramble and Lieberman,
2004; Kuhn et al., 2016; Antón et
al., 2014; Antón, 2012; Lieberman, 2011).

"Another major behavioral shift in Homo at this time was an increase in
carnivory, a
shift that brought the genus into direct competition with other mammalian
carnivores (Churchill et al., 2016). Given this interspecific competition
between humans and
other African carnivores, it may be most fruitful to ask not what species
humans are
most closely related to but to which species they are most ecologically
similar
(Schaller and Lowther, 1969). Humans were competing not only with cursorial
carnivores but also with olfactory specialists, species that used
olfaction both to
detect prey and to orient in space. Carnivory, space use and olfactory
bulb size may
be generally associated, as they are in terrestrial carnivores (Gittleman,
1986) and
theropod dinosaurs (Zelenitsky et al., 2011, 2009); a similar association
between
carnivory, space use and olfaction may be seen in piscivorous birds
(Wikelski et al.,
2015) and sharks (Nosal et al., 2016).

"Many African carnivores, such African lions (Panthera leo), wild dogs
(Lycaon pictus)
and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), are also highly social and hunt
cooperatively
(Smith et al., 2012). To compete in this environment, Homo sapiens also
became,
like their competitors, increasingly social, both hunting and breeding
cooperatively
(Hrdy, 2007). The ability to hunt cooperatively, even before the
development of
weaponry, changed many aspects of human socio-ecology. One behavior that may
have evolved at this time is the use of endurance pursuit to capture large
game
(Carrier et al., 1984; Bramble and Lieberman, 2004). Endurance pursuit
requires
accurate spatial orientation, while tracking and returning to camp
(Liebenberg,
2008). Such long-distance travel could also have selected for new
navigational skills,
such as olfactory navigation."

There's more; maybe later.

Op zaterdag 19 juni 2021 om 06:57:47 UTC+2 schreef Primum Sapienti:
> https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/Suppl_1/jeb186924/2802/The-navigational-nose-a-new-hypothesis-for-the

:-DDD

I just sent this to Dr Jacobs:

Dear Dr Jacobs, I just read your paper
"The navigational nose".

For an explanation of human poor olfaction, please google
"ape human evolution made easy PPT Verhaegen",
and see my Lastword article in NS:

OI, BIG NOSE !
New Scientist 2782 p 69 Lastword 16 October 2010

Why do humans evolve external noses that don’t seem to serve any useful purpose – our smelling sensors are inside the head. Our nose is vulnerable to damage, and the majority of primates and other mammals manage with relatively flat faces. Traditional explanations are that the nose protects against dry air, hot air, cold air, dusty air, whatever air, but most savannah mammals have no external noses, and polar animals such as arctic foxes or hares tend to evolve shorter extremities including flatter noses (Allen’s Rule), not larger as the Neanderthal protruding nose.

The answer isn’t so difficult if we simply consider humans like other mammals.

An external nose is seen in elephant seals, hooded seals, tapirs, elephants, swine and, among primates, in the mangrove-dwelling proboscis monkeys. Various, often mutually compatible functions, have been proposed, such as sexual display (in male hooded and elephant seals or proboscis monkeys), manipulation of food (in elephants, tapirs and swine), a snorkel (elephants, proboscis monkeys) and as a nose-closing aid during diving (in most of these animals). These mammals spend a lot of time at the margins of land and water.. Possible functions of an external nose in creatures evolving into aquatic ones are obvious and match those listed above in many cases. They can initially act as a nose closure, a snorkel, to keep water out, to dig in wet soil for food, and so on. Afterwards, these external noses can also become co-opted for other functions, such as sexual display (visual as well as auditory) in hooded and elephant seals and proboscis monkeys.

But what does this have to do with human evolution?

The earliest known Homo fossils outside Africa – such as those at Mojokerto in Java and Dmanisi in Georgia – are about 1.8 million years old. The easiest way for them to have spread to other continents, and to islands such as Java, is along the coasts, and from there inland along rivers. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene – the ice age cycles that ran from about 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago – most coasts were about 100 metres below the present-day sea level, so we don’t know whether or when Homo populations lived there. But coasts and riversides are full of shellfish and other foods that are easily collected and digested by smart, handy and tool-using “apes”, and are rich in potential brain-boosting nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

If Pleistocene Homo spread along the coasts, beachcombing, wading and diving for seafoods as Polynesian islanders still do, this could explain why Homo erectus evolved larger brains (aided by DHA) and larger noses (because of their part-time diving). This littoral intermezzo could help to explain not only why we like to have our holidays at tropical beaches, eating shrimps and coconuts, but also why we became fat and furless bipeds with long legs, large brains and big noses.

On Saturday, June 19, 2021 at 3:34:43 PM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op zaterdag 19 juni 2021 om 06:57:47 UTC+2 schreef Primum Sapienti:
> > https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/Suppl_1/jeb186924/2802/The-navigational-nose-a-new-hypothesis-for-the
>
>
> :-DDD
>
>
> I just sent this to Dr Jacobs:
>
> Dear Dr Jacobs, I just read your paper
> "The navigational nose".
>
> For an explanation of human poor olfaction, please google
> "ape human evolution made easy PPT Verhaegen",
> and see my Lastword article in NS:
>
> OI, BIG NOSE !
> New Scientist 2782 p 69 Lastword 16 October 2010
>
> Why do humans evolve external noses that don’t seem to serve any useful purpose – our smelling sensors are inside the head. Our nose is vulnerable to damage, and the majority of primates and other mammals manage with relatively flat faces. Traditional explanations are that the nose protects against dry air, hot air, cold air, dusty air, whatever air, but most savannah mammals have no external noses, and polar animals such as arctic foxes or hares tend to evolve shorter extremities including flatter noses (Allen’s Rule), not larger as the Neanderthal protruding nose.
>
> The answer isn’t so difficult if we simply consider humans like other mammals.
>
> An external nose is seen in elephant seals, hooded seals, tapirs, elephants, swine and, among primates, in the mangrove-dwelling proboscis monkeys. Various, often mutually compatible functions, have been proposed, such as sexual display (in male hooded and elephant seals or proboscis monkeys), manipulation of food (in elephants, tapirs and swine), a snorkel (elephants, proboscis monkeys) and as a nose-closing aid during diving (in most of these animals). These mammals spend a lot of time at the margins of land and water. Possible functions of an external nose in creatures evolving into aquatic ones are obvious and match those listed above in many cases. They can initially act as a nose closure, a snorkel, to keep water out, to dig in wet soil for food, and so on. Afterwards, these external noses can also become co-opted for other functions, such as sexual display (visual as well as auditory) in hooded and elephant seals and proboscis monkeys.
>
> But what does this have to do with human evolution?
>
> The earliest known Homo fossils outside Africa – such as those at Mojokerto in Java and Dmanisi in Georgia – are about 1.8 million years old. The easiest way for them to have spread to other continents, and to islands such as Java, is along the coasts, and from there inland along rivers. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene – the ice age cycles that ran from about 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago – most coasts were about 100 metres below the present-day sea level, so we don’t know whether or when Homo populations lived there. But coasts and riversides are full of shellfish and other foods that are easily collected and digested by smart, handy and tool-using “apes”, and are rich in potential brain-boosting nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
>
> If Pleistocene Homo spread along the coasts, beachcombing, wading and diving for seafoods as Polynesian islanders still do, this could explain why Homo erectus evolved larger brains (aided by DHA) and larger noses (because of their part-time diving). This littoral intermezzo could help to explain not only why we like to have our holidays at tropical beaches, eating shrimps and coconuts, but also why we became fat and furless bipeds with long legs, large brains and big noses.

Peter Rhys-Evans
..
Hominids have evolved two muscles around the distal cartilaginous portion of the nose, the Constrictor naris ( to close off the entrance to the nose) and Dilator naris ( to flare the nasal opening more widely).
which we have to be aware of when we operate on the nose for rhinoplasty procedures..
Their thickness and strength depends on funcional need, but the nasal opening can be closed off fully in some people

DD: Please cite cases or examples:

The only other terrestrial mammal which has these well developed muscles is the camel, but their function is to keep out sand rather than water.
Seals and other semi-aquatic mammals have well developed muscles and seals are able to close off their nasal aperture completely when diving.

Peter aat.io

Op dinsdag 22 juni 2021 om 12:23:34 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:

> > > https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/Suppl_1/jeb186924/2802/The-navigational-nose-a-new-hypothesis-for-the

> > :-DDD
> > I just sent this to Dr Jacobs:
> > Dear Dr Jacobs, I just read your paper
> > "The navigational nose".
> > For an explanation of human poor olfaction, please google
> > "ape human evolution made easy PPT Verhaegen",
> > and see my Lastword article in NS:
> > OI, BIG NOSE !
> > New Scientist 2782 p 69 Lastword 16 October 2010
> > Why do humans evolve external noses that don’t seem to serve any useful purpose – our smelling sensors are inside the head. Our nose is vulnerable to damage, and the majority of primates and other mammals manage with relatively flat faces. Traditional explanations are that the nose protects against dry air, hot air, cold air, dusty air, whatever air, but most savannah mammals have no external noses, and polar animals such as arctic foxes or hares tend to evolve shorter extremities including flatter noses (Allen’s Rule), not larger as the Neanderthal protruding nose.
> > The answer isn’t so difficult if we simply consider humans like other mammals.
> > An external nose is seen in elephant seals, hooded seals, tapirs, elephants, swine and, among primates, in the mangrove-dwelling proboscis monkeys.. Various, often mutually compatible functions, have been proposed, such as sexual display (in male hooded and elephant seals or proboscis monkeys), manipulation of food (in elephants, tapirs and swine), a snorkel (elephants, proboscis monkeys) and as a nose-closing aid during diving (in most of these animals). These mammals spend a lot of time at the margins of land and water. Possible functions of an external nose in creatures evolving into aquatic ones are obvious and match those listed above in many cases. They can initially act as a nose closure, a snorkel, to keep water out, to dig in wet soil for food, and so on. Afterwards, these external noses can also become co-opted for other functions, such as sexual display (visual as well as auditory) in hooded and elephant seals and proboscis monkeys.
> > But what does this have to do with human evolution?
> > The earliest known Homo fossils outside Africa – such as those at Mojokerto in Java and Dmanisi in Georgia – are about 1.8 million years old. The easiest way for them to have spread to other continents, and to islands such as Java, is along the coasts, and from there inland along rivers. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene – the ice age cycles that ran from about 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago – most coasts were about 100 metres below the present-day sea level, so we don’t know whether or when Homo populations lived there. But coasts and riversides are full of shellfish and other foods that are easily collected and digested by smart, handy and tool-using “apes”, and are rich in potential brain-boosting nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
> > If Pleistocene Homo spread along the coasts, beachcombing, wading and diving for seafoods as Polynesian islanders still do, this could explain why Homo erectus evolved larger brains (aided by DHA) and larger noses (because of their part-time diving). This littoral intermezzo could help to explain not only why we like to have our holidays at tropical beaches, eating shrimps and coconuts, but also why we became fat and furless bipeds with long legs, large brains and big noses.

> Peter Rhys-Evans:
> Hominids have evolved two muscles around the distal cartilaginous portion of the nose, the Constrictor naris (to close off the entrance to the nose) and Dilator naris ( to flare the nasal opening more widely).
> which we have to be aware of when we operate on the nose for rhinoplasty procedures..
> Their thickness and strength depends on funcional need, but the nasal opening can be closed off fully in some people

> DD: Please cite cases or examples:

My little boy, every doctor (Peter & I) knows that some or their patients can close their nostrils.
Before trying to some something, read Peter's book
"The waterside ape"
CRC Press 2020

> The only other terrestrial mammal which has these well developed muscles is the camel, but their function is to keep out sand rather than water.
> Seals and other semi-aquatic mammals have well developed muscles and seals are able to close off their nasal aperture completely when diving.
> Peter aat.io

On Tuesday, June 22, 2021 at 11:07:17 AM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op dinsdag 22 juni 2021 om 12:23:34 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> > > > https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/Suppl_1/jeb186924/2802/The-navigational-nose-a-new-hypothesis-for-the
>
> > > :-DDD
> > > I just sent this to Dr Jacobs:
> > > Dear Dr Jacobs, I just read your paper
> > > "The navigational nose".
> > > For an explanation of human poor olfaction, please google
> > > "ape human evolution made easy PPT Verhaegen",
> > > and see my Lastword article in NS:
> > > OI, BIG NOSE !
> > > New Scientist 2782 p 69 Lastword 16 October 2010
> > > Why do humans evolve external noses that don’t seem to serve any useful purpose – our smelling sensors are inside the head. Our nose is vulnerable to damage, and the majority of primates and other mammals manage with relatively flat faces. Traditional explanations are that the nose protects against dry air, hot air, cold air, dusty air, whatever air, but most savannah mammals have no external noses, and polar animals such as arctic foxes or hares tend to evolve shorter extremities including flatter noses (Allen’s Rule), not larger as the Neanderthal protruding nose.
> > > The answer isn’t so difficult if we simply consider humans like other mammals.
> > > An external nose is seen in elephant seals, hooded seals, tapirs, elephants, swine and, among primates, in the mangrove-dwelling proboscis monkeys. Various, often mutually compatible functions, have been proposed, such as sexual display (in male hooded and elephant seals or proboscis monkeys), manipulation of food (in elephants, tapirs and swine), a snorkel (elephants, proboscis monkeys) and as a nose-closing aid during diving (in most of these animals). These mammals spend a lot of time at the margins of land and water. Possible functions of an external nose in creatures evolving into aquatic ones are obvious and match those listed above in many cases. They can initially act as a nose closure, a snorkel, to keep water out, to dig in wet soil for food, and so on. Afterwards, these external noses can also become co-opted for other functions, such as sexual display (visual as well as auditory) in hooded and elephant seals and proboscis monkeys.
> > > But what does this have to do with human evolution?
> > > The earliest known Homo fossils outside Africa – such as those at Mojokerto in Java and Dmanisi in Georgia – are about 1.8 million years old. The easiest way for them to have spread to other continents, and to islands such as Java, is along the coasts, and from there inland along rivers. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene – the ice age cycles that ran from about 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago – most coasts were about 100 metres below the present-day sea level, so we don’t know whether or when Homo populations lived there. But coasts and riversides are full of shellfish and other foods that are easily collected and digested by smart, handy and tool-using “apes”, and are rich in potential brain-boosting nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
> > > If Pleistocene Homo spread along the coasts, beachcombing, wading and diving for seafoods as Polynesian islanders still do, this could explain why Homo erectus evolved larger brains (aided by DHA) and larger noses (because of their part-time diving). This littoral intermezzo could help to explain not only why we like to have our holidays at tropical beaches, eating shrimps and coconuts, but also why we became fat and furless bipeds with long legs, large brains and big noses.
> > Peter Rhys-Evans:
> > Hominids have evolved two muscles around the distal cartilaginous portion of the nose, the Constrictor naris (to close off the entrance to the nose) and Dilator naris ( to flare the nasal opening more widely).
> > which we have to be aware of when we operate on the nose for rhinoplasty procedures..
> > Their thickness and strength depends on funcional need, but the nasal opening can be closed off fully in some people
>
> > DD: Please cite cases or examples:
> My little boy, every doctor (Peter & I) knows that some or their patients can close their nostrils.

I use vellum (the -ng- vs -n-) valve, bell-shape or pinch nares with fingers, as using the constrictor muscles allows too much leakage. Who uses them while swimming, people with long narrow or short broad noses?

> Before trying to some something, read Peter's book
> "The waterside ape"
> CRC Press 2020
> > The only other terrestrial mammal which has these well developed muscles is the camel, but their function is to keep out sand rather than water.
> > Seals and other semi-aquatic mammals have well developed muscles and seals are able to close off their nasal aperture completely when diving.
> > Peter aat.io

Op donderdag 24 juni 2021 om 00:02:04 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:

> > > > I just sent this to Dr Jacobs:
> > > > Dear Dr Jacobs, I just read your paper "The navigational nose".
> > > > For an explanation of human poor olfaction, please google
> > > > "ape human evolution made easy PPT Verhaegen",
> > > > and see my Lastword article in NS:
> > > > OI, BIG NOSE !
> > > > New Scientist 2782 p 69 Lastword 16 October 2010
> > > > Why do humans evolve external noses that don’t seem to serve any useful purpose – our smelling sensors are inside the head. Our nose is vulnerable to damage, and the majority of primates and other mammals manage with relatively flat faces. Traditional explanations are that the nose protects against dry air, hot air, cold air, dusty air, whatever air, but most savannah mammals have no external noses, and polar animals such as arctic foxes or hares tend to evolve shorter extremities including flatter noses (Allen’s Rule), not larger as the Neanderthal protruding nose.
> > > > The answer isn’t so difficult if we simply consider humans like other mammals.
> > > > An external nose is seen in elephant seals, hooded seals, tapirs, elephants, swine and, among primates, in the mangrove-dwelling proboscis monkeys. Various, often mutually compatible functions, have been proposed, such as sexual display (in male hooded and elephant seals or proboscis monkeys), manipulation of food (in elephants, tapirs and swine), a snorkel (elephants, proboscis monkeys) and as a nose-closing aid during diving (in most of these animals). These mammals spend a lot of time at the margins of land and water. Possible functions of an external nose in creatures evolving into aquatic ones are obvious and match those listed above in many cases. They can initially act as a nose closure, a snorkel, to keep water out, to dig in wet soil for food, and so on. Afterwards, these external noses can also become co-opted for other functions, such as sexual display (visual as well as auditory) in hooded and elephant seals and proboscis monkeys.
> > > > But what does this have to do with human evolution?
> > > > The earliest known Homo fossils outside Africa – such as those at Mojokerto in Java and Dmanisi in Georgia – are about 1.8 million years old. The easiest way for them to have spread to other continents, and to islands such as Java, is along the coasts, and from there inland along rivers. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene – the ice age cycles that ran from about 1.8 million to 12,000 years ago – most coasts were about 100 metres below the present-day sea level, so we don’t know whether or when Homo populations lived there. But coasts and riversides are full of shellfish and other foods that are easily collected and digested by smart, handy and tool-using “apes”, and are rich in potential brain-boosting nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
> > > > If Pleistocene Homo spread along the coasts, beachcombing, wading and diving for seafoods as Polynesian islanders still do, this could explain why Homo erectus evolved larger brains (aided by DHA) and larger noses (because of their part-time diving). This littoral intermezzo could help to explain not only why we like to have our holidays at tropical beaches, eating shrimps and coconuts, but also why we became fat and furless bipeds with long legs, large brains and big noses.

> > > Peter Rhys-Evans:
> > > Hominids have evolved two muscles around the distal cartilaginous portion of the nose, the Constrictor naris (to close off the entrance to the nose) and Dilator naris ( to flare the nasal opening more widely).
> > > which we have to be aware of when we operate on the nose for rhinoplasty procedures..
> > > Their thickness and strength depends on funcional need, but the nasal opening can be closed off fully in some people

> > > DD: Please cite cases or examples:

> > My little boy, every doctor (Peter & I) knows that some or their patients can close their nostrils.

> I use vellum (the -ng- vs -n-) valve, bell-shape or pinch nares with fingers, as using the constrictor muscles allows too much leakage. Who uses them while swimming, people with long narrow or short broad noses?

It's velum, my boy, not vellum...
Inform before trying to say something.
Read at least Peter's book "The waterside ape" (CRC Press 2020).

> > > The only other terrestrial mammal which has these well developed muscles is the camel, but their function is to keep out sand rather than water.
> > > Seals and other semi-aquatic mammals have well developed muscles and seals are able to close off their nasal aperture completely when diving.
> > > Peter aat.io