Covariation between the cranium and the cervical vertebrae in hominids
Mikel Arlegi cs 2022 J.hum.Evol.162:103112
doi 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103112

The analysis of patterns of integration is crucial for the reconstruction & understanding of how morphological changes occur in a taxonomic group throughout evolution.
These patterns are rel.constant, but both patterns & the magnitudes of integration may vary across spp.
These differences may indicate morphological diversification, in some cases related to functional adaptations to the bio-mechanics of organisms.

In this study, we analyze patterns of integration between 2 functional & developmental structures: the cranium & the cervical spine in hominids,
we quantify the amount of divergence of each anatomical element through phylogeny.
We applied these methods to 3D data from 168 adult hominid individuals, summing a total of >1000 cervical vertebrae.

We found the atlas C1 & axis C2 display the lowest co-variation with the cranium in hominids: H.sapiens, P.troglodytes & paniscus, G.gorilla & beringei, Pongo pygmaeus.
Hs show a rel.different pattern of cranio-cervical correlation vs chimps & gorillas, esp. in variables implicated in maintaining the balance of the head.
The atlas & axis show lower magnitude of shape change during evolution than the rest of the cervical vertebrae, esp. those located in the middle of the subaxial cervical spine.

Overall, results suggest that differences in the pattern of cranio-cervical correlation between humans & gorillas & chimps could reflect the postural differences between these groups.
Also, the stronger cranio-cervical integration & larger magnitude of shape change during evolution shown by the middle cervical vertebrae suggests that they have been selected to play an active role in maintaining head balance.

On Friday, December 17, 2021 at 6:45:10 AM UTC-5, DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves wrote:
> Covariation between the cranium and the cervical vertebrae in hominids
> Mikel Arlegi cs 2022 J.hum.Evol.162:103112
> doi 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103112
>
> The analysis of patterns of integration is crucial for the reconstruction & understanding of how morphological changes occur in a taxonomic group throughout evolution.
> These patterns are rel.constant, but both patterns & the magnitudes of integration may vary across spp.
> These differences may indicate morphological diversification, in some cases related to functional adaptations to the bio-mechanics of organisms.
>
> In this study, we analyze patterns of integration between 2 functional & developmental structures: the cranium & the cervical spine in hominids,
> we quantify the amount of divergence of each anatomical element through phylogeny.
> We applied these methods to 3D data from 168 adult hominid individuals, summing a total of >1000 cervical vertebrae.
>
> We found the atlas C1 & axis C2 display the lowest co-variation with the cranium in hominids: H.sapiens, P.troglodytes & paniscus, G.gorilla & beringei, Pongo pygmaeus.
> Hs show a rel.different pattern of cranio-cervical correlation vs chimps & gorillas, esp. in variables implicated in maintaining the balance of the head.
> The atlas & axis show lower magnitude of shape change during evolution than the rest of the cervical vertebrae, esp. those located in the middle of the subaxial cervical spine.
>
> Overall, results suggest that differences in the pattern of cranio-cervical correlation between humans & gorillas & chimps could reflect the postural differences between these groups.
> Also, the stronger cranio-cervical integration & larger magnitude of shape change during evolution shown by the middle cervical vertebrae suggests that they have been selected to play an active role in maintaining head balance.
- https://johnhawks.net/weblog/topics/artcards/sangiran-31-calvaria.html
-

Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.

> Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.

:-DDD

Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".

Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.

On Friday, December 17, 2021 at 5:20:30 PM UTC-5, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.
> :-DDD
>
> Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
> Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
> Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".
>
> Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.

Inland trout (shallow crystalline streams) have *higher DHA & EPA omega 3 oils* than coastal oysters or mussels.
Easy to catch with (kudu) fish trap or domeshield frame.
Exostoses due to windy continental winters without hats, probably aggravated by occasional immersion while hunting snorkeled saiga antelope. Big dense occiput & femurs balanced terrestrial obligate orthograde bipedalism (while carrying spears, domeshields/baskets, piggyback riders).

Merely confirming:

> > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.

No strawmen or silly mermaid detours, just human biology.

Op zaterdag 18 december 2021 om 01:13:06 UTC+1 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:

> > > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this. > > :-DDD

> > Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
> > Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
> > Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".
> > Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.

> Inland trout (shallow crystalline streams) have *higher DHA & EPA omega 3 oils* than coastal oysters or mussels.

:-) Finally something intelligent from our little boy:
yes, neandertals had brains larger than sapiens:
this confirms my hypothesis that neandertals seasonally followed the river from the sea: salmon? trout?

Rest of your nonsense snipped:
neandertal stone tools, platycephaly, large lungs, big nose, platymeria, flat feet, pl

Op zaterdag 18 december 2021 om 01:13:06 UTC+1 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves

> > > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.

> > :-DDD
> > Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
> > Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
> > Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".
> > Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.

> Inland trout (shallow crystalline streams) have *higher DHA & EPA omega 3 oils* than coastal oysters or mussels.

-) Finally something intelligent from our little boy:
yes, neandertals had even brains larger than sapiens:
this confirms my hypothesis:
neandertals seasonally followed the river from the sea:
salmon?? trout??

Rest of your nonsense snipped:
neandertal stone tools, platycephaly, large lungs, big nose, platymeria, flat feet (not cursorial), platypelloidy (sidewards movements of legs), ear exostoses etc.etc.
The biology is clear: only incredible imbeciles deny neandertal frequently dived: probably mostly for shellfish.

On Saturday, December 18, 2021 at 5:34:12 AM UTC-5, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op zaterdag 18 december 2021 om 01:13:06 UTC+1 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves
> > > > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > > > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > > > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > > > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.
>
> > > :-DDD
> > > Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
> > > Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
> > > Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".
> > > Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.
>
> > Inland trout (shallow crystalline streams) have *higher DHA & EPA omega 3 oils* than coastal oysters or mussels.
> something intelligent:
> yes, neandertals had even brains larger than sapiens:

Colder climate fatter heads cf exostoses, ask Mario.

> this confirms my hypothesis:
> neandertals seasonally followed the river from the sea:
> salmon?? trout??

Trout live inland, salmon in the sea but lay eggs inland before dying. No neanderthals in East Asia or New World so rich in salmon.

> Rest of your nonsense snipped:

On Saturday, December 18, 2021 at 6:52:20 AM UTC-5, DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves wrote:
> On Saturday, December 18, 2021 at 5:34:12 AM UTC-5, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> > Op zaterdag 18 december 2021 om 01:13:06 UTC+1 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves
> > > > > Terrestrials have larger brains than arboreals & aerials.
> > > > > Arboreals & aerials have more sophisticated brains than terrestrials.
> > > > > Humans are terrestrials with arboreal ancestry have large sophisticated brains.
> > > > > The spine and cranium have changed to allow this.
> >
> > > > :-DDD
> > > > Seafood = brainfood. DHA etc. Dolphins, seals etc.
> > > > Ear exostoses. Pachyosteosclerosis.
> > > > Google "coastal dispersal Pleistocene Homo PPT".
> > > > Only incredibe imbeciles believe Homo evolved larger brains to run after antelopes.
> >
> > > Inland trout (shallow crystalline streams) have *higher DHA & EPA omega 3 oils* than coastal oysters or mussels.
> > something intelligent:
> > yes, neandertals had even brains larger than sapiens:
> Colder climate fatter heads cf exostoses, ask Mario.
> > this confirms my hypothesis:
> > neandertals seasonally followed the river from the sea:
> > salmon?? trout??
> Trout live inland, salmon in the sea but lay eggs inland before dying. No neanderthals in East Asia or New World so rich in salmon.

Sifakas and gibbons move both forward and sideways (laterally) while on ground.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8jqqkSzNgo

See 1:45 gibbons walking forward in line: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65m1RDxAv6c
Digitigrade gibbon posture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEwl00_Vv9s

Gibbon lateral walking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgkJnSS3uDg

Note incredible dense fur coat of mother gibbon, easier for babies to cling to, like human mothers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7B5I0TYGGo

Note sifaka baby piggyback riding sifaka mother grasping head hair, same as gibbons, chimps, humans.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzyZFzQyFtU

DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves wrote:
> Covariation between the cranium and the cervical vertebrae in hominids
> Mikel Arlegi cs 2022 J.hum.Evol.162:103112
> doi 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103112
>
> The analysis of patterns of integration is crucial for the reconstruction & understanding of how morphological changes occur in a taxonomic group throughout evolution.
> These patterns are rel.constant, but both patterns & the magnitudes of integration may vary across spp.
> These differences may indicate morphological diversification, in some cases related to functional adaptations to the bio-mechanics of organisms.
>
> In this study, we analyze patterns of integration between 2 functional & developmental structures: the cranium & the cervical spine in hominids,
> we quantify the amount of divergence of each anatomical element through phylogeny.
> We applied these methods to 3D data from 168 adult hominid individuals, summing a total of >1000 cervical vertebrae.
>
> We found the atlas C1 & axis C2 display the lowest co-variation with the cranium in hominids: H.sapiens, P.troglodytes & paniscus, G.gorilla & beringei, Pongo pygmaeus.
> Hs show a rel.different pattern of cranio-cervical correlation vs chimps & gorillas, esp. in variables implicated in maintaining the balance of the head.
> The atlas & axis show lower magnitude of shape change during evolution than the rest of the cervical vertebrae, esp. those located in the middle of the subaxial cervical spine.
>
> Overall, results suggest that differences in the pattern of cranio-cervical correlation between humans & gorillas & chimps could reflect the postural differences between these groups.
> Also, the stronger cranio-cervical integration & larger magnitude of shape change during evolution shown by the middle cervical vertebrae suggests that they have been selected to play an active role in maintaining head balance.
>

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248421001640

"5. Conclusions
The major objective addressed in this study was to analyze the
degree of covariation between the cranium and the cervical
vertebrae in hominids, for which we proposed and tested five
hypotheses resulting in: First, in hominids, the atlas and axis
module show significantly lower values of magnitudes of
craniocervical integration than the rest of the cervical vertebrae.
Second, as expected, species with larger musculoskeletal features
in the dorsal neck, in this case, gorillas, show the highest degree of
craniocervical correlation. Third, in contraposition to gorillas and
chimpanzees, modern humans showed a different pattern of
craniocervical correlation, showing less specialized and more
diverse association among their features. Fourth, from an
evolutionary point of view, the cervical vertebrae showed different
evolutionary patterns, the atlas of hominines displayed a certain
degree of homoplasy, and the subaxial cervical vertebrae a more
directional-like mode of evolution. This indicates a relative
morphological and evolutionary stasis in the atlas and axis regarding
the rest of the cervical vertebrae, especially those located in the
middle of the cervical spine (i.e., C4eC5). Fifth, as expected, removing
the effect of size resulted in a reduction of the degree of craniocervical
integration in all vertebrae except in the atlas. Indeed, all the cervical
vertebrae except the atlas yielded significant shape variation explained
by cranial size.

"In sum, although the pattern of integration is relatively constant
in mammals, we observed in our results subtle differences in the
craniocervical pattern and magnitude of integration between
humans and gorillas and chimpanzees. These differences are
mainly circumscribed to cranial and cervical characters implicated
in maintaining head balance. However, whether these relative
differences are related to postural and/or locomotor factors is
something that requires more specific analyses to be answered.
Finally, we also found that the module comprising the atlas and axis
reflects a certain degree of lower magnitude of shape change during
evolution with the rest of the craniocervical complex."