TABLE OF CONTENT

§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Roemer
§ 3. Huygens
§ 4. Fresnel
§ 5. Oested
§ 6. Maxwell
§ 7. Michelson
§ 8. Kirchhoff
§ 11. Lenard
§ 12. Planck
§ 13. Einstein's Energy Quanta
§ 14. Einstein Inertial Mass
§ 15. Einstein Electrodynamics (SR)
§ 16. Minkowski
§ 17. Einstein's Electromagnetic Ether
§ 18. Relativity: Special and General Theory
§ 19. Einstein Ether
§ 20. Rutherford
§ 21. Bohr Atom
§ 22. Quantum Mechanics
§ 23. Heisenberg
§ 24. Quantum Electrodynamics
§ 25. String Theory
§ 19. Nuclear Energy
§ 26. Particle Physics
§ 27. Gravitation Physics
§ 28. Modern Astronomy
§ 29. NASA
§ 30. Climate Change
§ 30. Maxwell Equations
§ 31. Electromagnetic Wave Equations of Light
§ 32. Transmission and Reflection Equations
§ 33. Polarization
§ 34. Aperture Diffraction
§ 35. Optic Particle Theory
§ 36. Conclusion
§ 37. Reference

On Sunday, November 26, 2023 at 9:48:04 AM UTC-8, carl eto wrote:

Upon the Analyze the Wave Theory of Light and its Affect on Modern Physics and Astronomy  
November 24, 2023

This paper will analyze the wave theory of light and its affect on modern physics and astronomy. Fresnel depicts diffraction using interfering spherical waves produced by the motion of an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not exist (vacuum). Maxwell introduces an electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday's law since induction forms in vacuum but induction does not involve light and Maxwell's light wave is formed by the motion of an ether that does not exist. Hertz's radio waves are used to justify Maxwell's theory but radio waves are also not luminous and an expanding electromagnetic field cannot form Newton's particle structure of light. Planck derives an energy element (hγ) that is depicted with the units of the kinetic energy (g m2 / s2) since h = 6.55 . 10-27 erg . s and erg = g m2 / s2 yet a photon is massless, and an expanding electromagnetic field cannot sustain a particle structure. Einstein's (1905) special relativity is used to justify Maxwell's theory but altering the dimensions of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that Faraday's induction effect is not emitting light nor is induction a particle effect. In particle physics, the Fermilab subatomic particles propagate through the steel enclosure of the bubble chamber but subatomic particles that have a mass cannot propagate through steel. In astronomy, Kepler describes the Earth propagating around the Sun on an elliptical path yet seasons are not formed at the equator. 

The ancient civilizations played an important role in the development of science, mathematics, and astronomy. The Egyptians (5000 BC - 300 AD) derived the area equation of a triangle (Rhind 10057), and, in optics, the Egyptians believed the eye sent out feelers that emanated from the eye and felt the object being viewed. The Babylonians (1894 BC - 1595 BC) (Iraq) discovered the cosine of a right triangle using 15 different right triangles that dimensions and calculations were chiseled into a stone tablet (Plimpton 322). Greeks scholar Archimedes (b. 287 BC) discovered the area equation of a circle using pi. In optic, the Greeks (1,200 BC - 323 BC) believed the outer surface (simulacra) of the object peels off the object and propagates to the eye then enters the eye forming the image of the object. Most, if not all, of the important Greek writings (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Parmenides, Aspasia, etc.) were saved by Middle Eastern scholars who hid the Greek writings in desert caves which were inaccessible to the Roman army (27 BC - 330 AD) that attempted to burn all of the important Greek writings.

The Middle Eastern scientific and mathematical advancements are the origin of European science. In the ninth century AD, Iraqi intellectuals studying the Greek writings resulted in the advent of the light ray theory. In Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (Kindi) (b. 801 AD) paper "De radiis stellarum", the theory of vision is described using light rays that interact with the eye and form vision. Iranian scholar and mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi (Quṭrubbaliyy) (b. 780 AD) developed algebra in his book, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (813 AD). In Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (b. 965) paper "Opticae Thesaurus", Alhazen enhances the light ray theory using the anatomy of the eye where light rays interacting with the eye's lens and retina formed vision. In Syrian astronomer Abu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn bin Alī bin Ibrāhīm bin Muhammad bin al-Matam al-Ansari (Shatir) (b. 1304) paper, "The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles" Shatir observed the celestial universe and described the Earth orbiting the Sun (fig 1). Galileo (b. 1564) used the design of the Middle Eastern hand-held two lens optical magnifier in the construction of the astronomic telescope. Kepler (b.1571) describes the Earth propagating around the Sun on an elliptical path yet seasons are not formed at the equator.

Maxwell's (1864) electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday's induction effect was introduced since induction forms in vacuum but Faraday's induction effect is not luminous, and Maxwell's theory is based on light waves formed by the motion of an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not physically exist. The velocity of light is used to justify Maxwell's theory but the velocity of light does not change the fact that Faraday's induction effect is not radiating light. Poynting (1884) supports Maxwell's theory by deriving an electromagnetic energy equation of light but Poynting's current wire is not emitting light. Hertz's (1887) radio waves are used to validate Maxwell's theory but radio waves are also not luminous. Lorentz (1899) is supporting Maxwell's theory by transforming Maxwell's equations but altering the dimensions of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that Faraday's induction effect is not producing light nor does Maxwell's ether exist. Lenard (1900 - 1902) proves light is composed of particles which negates the continuity of Maxwell's electromagnetic field. Planck (1901) supports Maxwell's theory that Lenard invalidates where Planck derives an energy element that represents the energy of a wave-particle electromagnetic photon but photons do not solve the continuity problem imposed by Lenard, and, an expanding electromagnetic field cannot sustain the particle structure of a photon. Plus, the ether that motion forms Planck's electromagnetic standing wave that is used to quantize Maxwell's electromagnetic wave into a photon does not physically exist (vacuum). Also, when describing diffraction, wave-particle electromagnetic photons would be arbitrarily destroyed to form the dark fringes of the diffraction pattern which violates energy conservation and invalidates the wave-particle duality theory of light.

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§ 3. Huygens

In "Treatise on Light" (1690), Huygens calculates the velocity of light using the Earth's orbital diameter KL and a 20-minute time delay of the eclipse of Io (fig 4).

"If one considers the vast size of the diameter KL, which according to me is some 24 thousand diameters of the Earth, one will acknowledge the extreme velocity of Light. For, supposing that KL is no more than 22 thousand of these diameters, it appears that being traversed in 22 minutes this makes the speed a thousand diameters in one minute" (Huygens, p. 10-11).

The distance KL and a 22-minute time delay of the eclipse of Io are used to calculate the velocity of light,

c = (2.99 x 10^11 m) / (1320 s) = 2.26 x 10^8 m/s........................................................................................4

Huygens' 22-minute time delay of Io's eclipse is produced by Sunlight reflected by Io propagating the distance of KL but when the Earth is at the orbital position L (fig 4), the Sun would be between Io and the Earth which would prevent the viewing of Io which physically nullifies Huygens' measurement of the velocity of light.

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