from
https://www.inverse.com/science/mars-missions-2022

Mars missions 2022: 4 ways we're looking for ancient
alien life on the red planet

MARS is a busy world. The Red Planet is currently buzzing with orbiting
spacecraft, roaming robots, and flying helicopters, united in one
ongoing mission: uncovering different parts of Mars’ potential
habitability by probing its atmosphere, rocky surface, and subsurface
composition.

Scientists believe Mars poses the first real opportunity to look for
life beyond Earth, and we are ever so close to finding out whether we
are alone in the universe. Inverse breaks down the ongoing missions on
the Red Planet, missions that are launching, and what to expect from the
Red Planet in 2022.

4. PERSEVERANCE ROVER: SAMPLING THE RED PLANET
NASA’s Perseverance rover has been roaming the Martian terrain for more
than 300 sols (or Martian days) now.

The car-sized robot landed in the Jezero Crater, a 500-meter-deep crater
located in a basin slightly north of the Martian equator.

Since arriving at its interplanetary destination in February 2021, the
rover has kept busy. Perseverance collected its first two samples from
the Red Planet after drilling through a rock nicknamed Rochette.

Perseverance’s science-instrument-laden turret at the end of its robotic
arm examines the rock nicknamed Rochette before obtaining two
samples.NASA/JPL

By December 2021, Perseverance had extracted its sixth sample from Mars.
But the rover has a total of 43 sample tubes to fill, which it will stow
away for a future sample return mission that will make its way from Mars
to Earth. (A recent attempt at a seventh sample didn’t quite work due to
an obstruction.)

Perseverance has made its way to Jezero Crater’s geological unit Séítah,
where it will interrogate the planet’s geology and climate during Mars’
ancient past.

The mission will also test out conditions for possible human exploration
of Mars by trialing a method of producing oxygen from the Martian
atmosphere, characterizing environmental conditions such as water and
dust on Mars, and looking for resources for future explorers.

3. CURIOSITY: CAPTURING MARS’ BEST ANGLES
Meanwhile, Perseverance’s predecessor will spend its tenth year on Mars
looking for clues to the planet’s past habitability.

curiosity rover selfie with mars in the background
The Curiosity rover snapped this selfie on November 20, 2021, which is
made up of 81 individual images that were later stitched together.
NASA’s Curiosity rover landed on Gale Crater on August 6, 2012, and has
made some significant discoveries, including finding organic molecules
on Mars.

But the rover won’t stop now. Curiosity continues to blaze through Mars’
rocky surface. The Martian robot is exploring Mount Sharp, the central
peak in Mars’ Gale Crater that reaches up to three miles above the
valley floor. This area contains clues as to how the Red Planet changed
over time from possibly being a warm, wet, and potentially habitable
world to today's dry, desolate, and dusty planet.

Curiosity will be studying more samples from Mount Sharp and capturing
the beauty of the Red Planet through its famous panoramic photos.

2. ZHURONG: CHINA’S OWN ROVER
Perseverance and Curiosity aren’t the only two robots on Mars.

In February 2021, China’s Tianwen-1 Mars mission entered Martian orbit
and unleashed a new rover onto the Red Planet. The mission’s rover,
named Zhurong, landed on Mars in May. The solar-powered rover has driven
slowly at 200 meters per hour for a total of 4,593 feet across Mars.

It has six wheels and weighs about 530 pounds, about a quarter of the
SUV-sized Perseverance rover. The Tianwen-1 mission is China’s first
successful interplanetary mission, and is tasked with solving one of the
biggest mysteries surrounding Mars — its ancient water. The Zhurong
rover will look for water underneath the Martian surface that any form
of life could potentially have lived within. It will also look for
evidence of Mars’ past climate on the surface.

The rover has six science instruments designed to study the topography,
geology, soil structure, minerals, rocks, and atmosphere of Mars.

1. NEW MISSIONS TO MARS
In 2022, we will also see a new mission make its way to Mars. The
European Space Agency and partner Russian Roscosmos will launch the
ExoMars mission during a launch window between September 20 and October 1.

The mission will release the Rosalind Franklin rover on Mars’ Oxia
Planum, an area believed to have contained ancient water during Mars’
past and could have possibly harbored life. The rover will look for
potential ancient microbial life on Mars, drilling beneath Mars’ surface
to look for signs of water. It will also look for chemical biosignatures
such as organic molecules.

map of mars missions across the planet
This map shows where all of the Martian missions are in respect to one
another.Emily Lakdawalla
All of these rovers will operate on different parts of Mars, never
crossing paths with one another. They each landed on a different part of
the Red Planet, exploring a different aspect of Martian history. Other
than that, they’re quite slow in making their way around Mars. Before
its mission ended, NASA’s Opportunity rover had only covered about 26
miles on Mars, which brought it nowhere near where Curiosity was when it
first landed.

But the missions all have a common goal: find clues of ancient life on
Mars, and help humankind determine whether or not we are alone in the
universe. To do so, each mission collects a different piece of the
astrobiological puzzle to help paint a complete picture of the planet’s
history.