Android 15 new Location Privacy HAL can choose when to share location data
with a cellular network.
https://www.androidauthority.com/android-15-location-privacy-3429574/

Starting in Android 15, radio vendors will be able to add support for
Android's new location privacy HAL, which can tell the radio not to share
location data for any non-emergency requests.

Given that this new location privacy feature requires support from the
radio vendor, it's likely that many devices upgrading to Android 15 will
not support it. We can at least expect to see Google add support for it in
its own Pixel devices, though, given that it designs its own Tensor
chipsets.

Carriers can still see which cell towers your device connects to, use the
strength and angle of your device's signal to the tower, and then look up
your device's unique cellular identifier to determine your general
location. Your location may never be private when you're connected to a
cellular network, but at least Android 15 will give you more control over
when your location is being shared. This feature could potentially also
mitigate attacks from "Stingray" devices that mimic real cellular networks
to trick your device into connecting and thus sending data to them.

https://www.androidauthority.com/android-15-protect-stingray-3429608/
Android 15 will warn you when you're connected to an insecure network or
when one tries to record your device's ID, such as when connected to a
"stingray" device.

A stingray mimics a cellular network, so it can trick your mobile device
into connecting to it, allowing it to collect your device's unique ID for
tracking purposes or to switch your device to an insecure connection to
intercept texts and calls. To protect users from these kinds of attacks,
Google is adding new security features in Android 15 that will warn you
when a cellular network collects your device's unique ID or is using an
insecure connection.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2024/03/31/google-upgrade-samsung-s24-s23-pixel-vs-apple-iphone-15-pro-max/
The catch is that both these updates require a new interface between the
radio modem and the phone's OS, because the IMSI grab and intercept are on
the radio side not the OS side. Modems will need to be able to run the
software interface, which means new modems. You'll probably need to upgrade
your hardware not just update to Android 15. It's likely Google phones will
get this first, but others will follow.