On Monday, June 6, 2022 at 11:06:58 AM UTC+1, Pandora wrote:

> First of all, human head hair is not fur, it grows longer and faster:
> Also, "The ancestral hair form is frizzier and much shorter. It
> survives in sub-Saharan Africans and in other groups whose ancestors
> never left the tropics":
> https://www.scirp.org/html/6-1590518_60916.htm

I don't believe any of this. You can easily
find images of Papuans, Australians,
Melanesians, etc., with bushy "Afro" hair.
Maybe that author is suggesting that
Bushmen were 'ancestral' and that they
have short hair. Both propositions are
somewhere between uncertain and plain
wrong.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/south-african-tourism/20532040752
https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/bushmen-people-tsumkwe-namibia/Z8B-2159614

> I would opt for sexual selection hypothesis.

The 'cop-out' theory. Totally unprovable,
and probably wrong, since it would hardly
select both among males and females.

> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin

He died there. Doesn't mean that he
lived there. And he was almost certainly
not raised there. Far too many large
predators for infants to survive into
adulthood.

> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin that must have been
> his most urgent thermoregulatory problem. He probably never even saw
> the ocean during his entire life.

900 km from the sea. At 20 km per
day = 45 days. Say 3 months. Where
else would young refugees fleeing
from the coast go, except up into the
Rift Valley?

>>> That explains the sweating,
>>
>> Sweating needs replacements of salts of
>> sodium, iodine, potassium, etc.
>
> And water.
> That's why we eat and drink.

Inland diets rarely provide enough salt
for sweating.

> > Vascularisation might be better explained
> > by the need to keep all that hair growing.
>
> Most of that circulation bypasses the papilla of the hair (the area of
> active growth):
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis#/media/File:Blausen_0802_Skin_DermalCirculation.png

I suspect that the graphics are either
not intended to be realistic -- as regards
the size of the depicted blood vessels ---
or that they are based on the anatomy
of white Americans and Europeans, with
a strong bias towards the elderly (who
provide the bulk of the corpses in
medical schools).

For example, compare the younger
Obama with his current image. That
shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
would have needed much bigger
blood vessels than he has now.

https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/

On Fri, 10 Jun 2022 11:11:19 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
<yelworcp@gmail.com> wrote:

<snip> speculative soft tissue issue.

>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin
>
>He died there. Doesn't mean that he
>lived there.

What would Ockham say?
When you find a dead chimp on the forest floor in the Congo Basin then
it probably lived in the area. When you find a dead elephant in
savanna woodland in the Serengeti then it probably lived in the area.

>And he was almost certainly
>not raised there. Far too many large
>predators for infants to survive into
>adulthood.

Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
with mode 2 technology:
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766

>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin that must have been
>> his most urgent thermoregulatory problem. He probably never even saw
>> the ocean during his entire life.
>
>900 km from the sea. At 20 km per
>day = 45 days. Say 3 months.

And a chimp at 5 km/day would do it in 180 days, if it had a map of
the area, knew where it was going, and had enough provisions to
sustain itself on the way.

>Where
>else would young refugees fleeing
>from the coast go, except up into the
>Rift Valley?

Early hominids didn't have such continent-wide concepts and knowledge
of geology, landscape and ecology. Their orientation was necessarily
local.

>>>> That explains the sweating,
>>>
>>> Sweating needs replacements of salts of
>>> sodium, iodine, potassium, etc.
>>
>> And water.
>> That's why we eat and drink.
>
>Inland diets rarely provide enough salt
>for sweating.

It has never prevented traditional hunter-gatherers such as the Hadza
and !Kung from making a living there.

>> > Vascularisation might be better explained
>> > by the need to keep all that hair growing.
>>
>> Most of that circulation bypasses the papilla of the hair (the area of
>> active growth):
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis#/media/File:Blausen_0802_Skin_DermalCirculation.png
>
>I suspect that the graphics are either
>not intended to be realistic -- as regards
>the size of the depicted blood vessels ---
>or that they are based on the anatomy
>of white Americans and Europeans, with
>a strong bias towards the elderly (who
>provide the bulk of the corpses in
>medical schools).

Throwing 150 years of Gray's Anatomy out the window.
Like I said, you do not play the normal language game with "doubt" and
"know".

>For example, compare the younger
>Obama with his current image. That
>shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
>would have needed much bigger
>blood vessels than he has now.
>
>https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/

Just like filling a bucket with water to the rim instead of half full
needs a bigger tap?

Op zaterdag 4 juni 2022 om 03:59:52 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> Interestingly, a study in the Journal of Human Evolution showed that although the young man was certainly carnivorous, there was no evidence of any seafood in his diet. This was taken from an analysis of the isotopes, or elements, including of carbon and nitrogen, found in his skull.
> https://greekreporter.com/2022/06/03/neanderthal-mans-recreated-face-takes-internet-by-storm/

Here we see exactly how ridiculous & unscientific the kudu runners are:
you can't be more carnivorous than felids.

The C & N isotopes were not super-carnivorous (impossible, of course);
they were simply between marine & freshwater foods (nearer to freshwater):
apparently these neandertals seasonally followed the river to the sea,
google "Homo coastal dispersal Verhaegen".

On Saturday 11 June 2022 at 13:41:44 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:

>>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin
>>. .
>> He died there. Doesn't mean that he
>> lived there.
> . .
> What would Ockham say?

If Ockham found a walrus or an albatross
fossil there, he'd not conclude that they
lived there. OK, hominin fossils there are
slightly more numerous than those of
walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
of diffierent assumptions.

>> And he was almost certainly
>> not raised there. Far too many large
>> predators for infants to survive into
>> adulthood.
> . .
> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
> with mode 2 technology:
> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766

"Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
multiple ways -- since its designators
haven't the slightest clue what the
bifaces were for. In any case, this was
an ice-age and, most of the time, it
was far too dry and dusty in upland
areas for hominin occupation.

>>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin that must have been
>>> his most urgent thermoregulatory problem. He probably never even saw
>>> the ocean during his entire life.
>>. .
>> 900 km from the sea. At 20 km per
>> day = 45 days. Say 3 months.
> . .
> And a chimp at 5 km/day would do it in 180 days, if it had a map of
> the area, knew where it was going, and had enough provisions to
> sustain itself on the way.

Hominins had driven their first
continent-wide large predator species
into extinction by 3.5 ma, so we can
assume that they had ranged widely
from about 4.0 ma. ("Ranging" doesn't
mean "occupation".) By 1.5 ma enough
of most societies would know how to
get around and get back to their coastal
homes/refuges. I see multi-year treks
by parties of late-adolescent/early
adulthood males as common 'rites of
passage'. By ~1.5 ma females with
infants might sometimes try to raise
families inland, but rarely be able to
persist for more than a few generations.

> Early hominids didn't have such continent-wide concepts and knowledge
> of geology, landscape and ecology.

The patterns of large predator-
extinction from ~3.5 ma show that
many did.

>>>>> That explains the sweating,
>>>>. .
>>>> Sweating needs replacements of salts of
>>>> sodium, iodine, potassium, etc.
>>>. .
>>> And water.
>>> That's why we eat and drink.
>>. .
>> Inland diets rarely provide enough salt
>> for sweating.
> . .
> It has never prevented traditional hunter-gatherers such as the Hadza
> and !Kung from making a living there.

"The Hadza do not obtain salt from the lake but many of
their natural water sources are distinctly brackish."
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41459776

!Kung used to migrate great distances
seasonally, no doubt finding salt along
the way.

>>>> Vascularisation might be better explained
>>>> by the need to keep all that hair growing.
>>>. .
>>> Most of that circulation bypasses the papilla of the hair (the area of
>>> active growth):
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis#/media/File:Blausen_0802_Skin_DermalCirculation.png
>>. .
>> I suspect that the graphics are either
>> not intended to be realistic -- as regards
>> the size of the depicted blood vessels ---
>> or that they are based on the anatomy
>> of white Americans and Europeans, with
>> a strong bias towards the elderly (who
>> provide the bulk of the corpses in
>> medical schools).
> . .
> Throwing 150 years of Gray's Anatomy out the window.
> Like I said, you do not play the normal language game with "doubt" and
> "know".

Excessive credulousness is remarkably
common among the scientificially
trained. I find it very puzzling. Perhaps
there is so much to memorise that
almost no time is ever left for thinking
or questioning. Straight back to the
medieval systems of 'thinking' -- in one
simple hop.

The illustration may well have come
from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
him, then someone from the same
tradition.

"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration—his work is 100 percent white people,"

>> For example, compare the younger
>> Obama with his current image. That
>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
>> would have needed much bigger
>> blood vessels than he has now.
>>. .
>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
> . .
> Just like filling a bucket with water to the rim instead of half full
> needs a bigger tap?

Is Serena Williams right or left-handed?
https://www.borntoworkout.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Serena-Williams-Arms.jpg

Do you think that the blood vessels to her
dominant arm will be bigger than those to
the other?

On Sun, 12 Jun 2022 10:46:18 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
<yelworcp@gmail.com> wrote:

>On Saturday 11 June 2022 at 13:41:44 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
>
>>>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin
>>>. .
>>> He died there. Doesn't mean that he
>>> lived there.
>> . .
>> What would Ockham say?
>
>If Ockham found a walrus or an albatross
>fossil there, he'd not conclude that they
>lived there.

So far Odobenidae and Diomedeidae are not represented in the Turkana
Database of fossil vertebrates. Ockham has no opinion on nonexistent
cases.

>OK, hominin fossils there are
>slightly more numerous than those of
>walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
>of diffierent assumptions.

Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
were a part of the ecology either.

>>> And he was almost certainly
>>> not raised there. Far too many large
>>> predators for infants to survive into
>>> adulthood.
>> . .
>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
>> with mode 2 technology:
>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
>
>"Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
>multiple ways -- since its designators
>haven't the slightest clue what the
>bifaces were for.

Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664

Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?

>In any case, this was
>an ice-age and, most of the time, it
>was far too dry and dusty in upland
>areas for hominin occupation.

At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.

>>>> Since the Turkana Boy lived in the Turkana Basin that must have been
>>>> his most urgent thermoregulatory problem. He probably never even saw
>>>> the ocean during his entire life.
>>>. .
>>> 900 km from the sea. At 20 km per
>>> day = 45 days. Say 3 months.
>> . .
>> And a chimp at 5 km/day would do it in 180 days, if it had a map of
>> the area, knew where it was going, and had enough provisions to
>> sustain itself on the way.
>
>Hominins had driven their first
>continent-wide large predator species
>into extinction by 3.5 ma, so we can
>assume that they had ranged widely
>from about 4.0 ma. ("Ranging" doesn't
>mean "occupation".) By 1.5 ma enough
>of most societies would know how to
>get around and get back to their coastal
>homes/refuges. I see multi-year treks
>by parties of late-adolescent/early
>adulthood males as common 'rites of
>passage'. By ~1.5 ma females with
>infants might sometimes try to raise
>families inland, but rarely be able to
>persist for more than a few generations.
>
>> Early hominids didn't have such continent-wide concepts and knowledge
>> of geology, landscape and ecology.
>
>The patterns of large predator-
>extinction from ~3.5 ma show that
>many did.

According to your hypothesis hominins were so rare they never were
part of the ecology and so were unlikely to have been the cause of
faunal turnover.

>>>>>> That explains the sweating,
>>>>>. .
>>>>> Sweating needs replacements of salts of
>>>>> sodium, iodine, potassium, etc.
>>>>. .
>>>> And water.
>>>> That's why we eat and drink.
>>>. .
>>> Inland diets rarely provide enough salt
>>> for sweating.
>> . .
>> It has never prevented traditional hunter-gatherers such as the Hadza
>> and !Kung from making a living there.
>
>"The Hadza do not obtain salt from the lake but many of
>their natural water sources are distinctly brackish."
>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41459776
>
>!Kung used to migrate great distances
>seasonally, no doubt finding salt along
>the way.

See, it's not so hard.
And then there's also salt in animal tissue.

>>>>> Vascularisation might be better explained
>>>>> by the need to keep all that hair growing.
>>>>. .
>>>> Most of that circulation bypasses the papilla of the hair (the area of
>>>> active growth):
>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis#/media/File:Blausen_0802_Skin_DermalCirculation.png
>>>. .
>>> I suspect that the graphics are either
>>> not intended to be realistic -- as regards
>>> the size of the depicted blood vessels ---
>>> or that they are based on the anatomy
>>> of white Americans and Europeans, with
>>> a strong bias towards the elderly (who
>>> provide the bulk of the corpses in
>>> medical schools).
>> . .
>> Throwing 150 years of Gray's Anatomy out the window.
>> Like I said, you do not play the normal language game with "doubt" and
>> "know".
>
>Excessive credulousness is remarkably
>common among the scientificially
>trained. I find it very puzzling. Perhaps
>there is so much to memorise that
>almost no time is ever left for thinking
>or questioning. Straight back to the
>medieval systems of 'thinking' -- in one
>simple hop.

With regard to anatomical knowledge, fortunately not every generation
has to start from the ground up with their own dissections. There is
something like cumulative knowledge.

>The illustration may well have come
>from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
>him, then someone from the same
>tradition.
>
>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration—his work is 100 percent white people,"

Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.

Wittgenstein:
"In general I take as true what is found in text-books, of
geography for example. Why? I say: All these facts have been
confirmed a hundred times over. But how do I know that? What
is my evidence for it? I have a world-picture. Is it true or false?
Above all it is the substratum of all my enquiring and asserting.
The propositions describing it are not all equally subject to
testing."

"I know, not just that the earth existed long before my
birth, but also that it is a large body, that this has been
established, that I and the rest of mankind have forebears, that there
are books about all this, that such books don't lie, etc. etc. etc.
And I know all this? I believe it. This body of knowledge has been
handed on to me and I have no grounds for doubting it, but, on the
contrary, all sorts of confirmation. And why shouldn't I say that I
know all this? Isn't that what one does say?"

It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
the wild.

Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
knowledge.

>>> For example, compare the younger
>>> Obama with his current image. That
>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
>>> would have needed much bigger
>>> blood vessels than he has now.
>>>. .
>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
>> . .
>> Just like filling a bucket with water to the rim instead of half full
>> needs a bigger tap?
>
>Is Serena Williams right or left-handed?
>https://www.borntoworkout.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Serena-Williams-Arms.jpg
>
>Do you think that the blood vessels to her
>dominant arm will be bigger than those to
>the other?

Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
That's because it's essentially dead tissue.

On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:

>> OK, hominin fossils there are
>> slightly more numerous than those of
>> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
>> of diffierent assumptions.
>
> Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
> 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
> were a part of the ecology either.

If you or I were curating a collection of
local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
we'd be sure to include as many hominins
as possible -- at the expense of other
species.

>>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
>>> with mode 2 technology:
>>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
>> . .
>> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
>> multiple ways -- since its designators
>> haven't the slightest clue what the
>> bifaces were for.
> . .
> Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
> . .
> Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?

Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
around its circumference and all were for
the same kind of 'woodworking':
https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048

The 'study' of 'handaxes' appears to
require an extreme form of dumbness,
-- beyond even the range of the present
British Cabinet under Johnson. Would
"Mad Nad" make a good PA?

>> In any case, this was
>> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
>> was far too dry and dusty in upland
>> areas for hominin occupation.
> . .
> At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
> perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
> would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
> of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
> grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
> likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.

Presumably during an inter-glacial.

> According to your hypothesis hominins were so rare they never were
> part of the ecology and so were unlikely to have been the cause of
> faunal turnover.

They were common enough to leave
billions upon billions of 'hand-axes'
(all presumably left during inter-
glacials). That STILL does not mean
that there were viable hominin
populations in the area. In fact, it
demonstrates the opposite. Those
making, using and apparently
discarding (in near-perfect condition)
these 'wood-working tools' did NOT
bring their females with them. Those
billions upon billions were consumed
in a constant effort to suppress the
relatively high levels of carnivores (+
omnivores) in the locality, meaning
that hominin infants would have
been in too much danger.

>>> It has never prevented traditional hunter-gatherers such as the Hadza
>>> and !Kung from making a living there.
>> . .
>> "The Hadza do not obtain salt from the lake but many of
>> their natural water sources are distinctly brackish."
>> https://www.jstor.org/stable/41459776
>> . .
>> !Kung used to migrate great distances
>> seasonally, no doubt finding salt along
>> the way.
> . .
> See, it's not so hard.

It's very hard. Human populations
with high technology can -- just about
-- survive. But it's not an environment
in which they'd evolve.

>> The illustration may well have come
>> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
>> him, then someone from the same
>> tradition.
>>. .
>>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
> . .
> Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
> every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
> issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.

Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
is a private organisation based in Texas, and
is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
common patient, or the most commonly seen
dissection.

> It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
> experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.

If anyone (in a position to know) had
claimed that the diagram represented
young Africans, I'd take them at their
word. No such claim has been made.

> But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
> anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
> done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
> the wild.
> . .
> Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
> knowledge.

This is nonsense. You are basing an
assessment on one diagram, produced
in an unknown context.

I acknowledge that I am more
sceptical than most. But then I have
wide experience of human institutions
and expect them to be, pretty much,
as bad as each other. Would PA be
better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
Putin were in charge?

>>>> For example, compare the younger
>>>> Obama with his current image. That
>>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
>>>> would have needed much bigger
>>>> blood vessels than he has now.
>>>>. .
>>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/

> Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
> root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
> no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
> Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
> That's because it's essentially dead tissue.

Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
tissue' on my head than when we were
20 years old. That's because our root
follicles are very much fewer and far less
productive. His follicles at age 20 would
have been far in excess of mine at the
same age. Youthful African hair is very
different -- as any barber or hair stylist
will tell you. Africans require their own
barbers/stylists. Those used only to
European hair simply can't cope with it.
The blood supply to African follicles is (at
a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
for whites. That's why the arms of
Serena Williams are relevant.

This matters in PA, because Afro hair
is generally taken as the ancestral
form with European and Asian hair
as derived from it, evolving under
different conditions. African hair is
'expensive' in terms of resources so,
whenever it ceased to be essential,
less-demanding weaker forms
emerged.

Yet, this most conspicuous human
feature is NEVER discussed in a
scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
been seriously discussed, I'll be most
surprised.) What is it for? Insulation
against the sun is not applicable. The
rest of the body is naked.

> Yet, this most conspicuous human
> feature is NEVER discussed in a
> scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
> been seriously discussed, I'll be most
> surprised. ...

Sigh. I've discussed this in my 2 books & in my Med.Hypotheses articles.

On Tuesday 14 June 2022 at 00:12:45 UTC+1, littor...@gmail.com wrote:

>> Yet, this most conspicuous human
>> feature is NEVER discussed in a
>> scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
>> been seriously discussed, I'll be most
>> surprised. ...
>. .
> Sigh. I've discussed this in my 2 books & in my Med.Hypotheses articles.

Afros (in both males and females) evolved
to facilitate diving for shellfish . . . ?

On Mon, 13 Jun 2022 15:18:55 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
<yelworcp@gmail.com> wrote:

>On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
>
>>> OK, hominin fossils there are
>>> slightly more numerous than those of
>>> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
>>> of diffierent assumptions.
>>
>> Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
>> 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
>> were a part of the ecology either.
>
>If you or I were curating a collection of
>local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
>we'd be sure to include as many hominins
>as possible -- at the expense of other
>species.

The average visitor/tourist is generally more impressed by sabertooths
and elephants than by hominins. Anyway, they'll be viewing replicas of
the most complete specimens, which constitute a minority. The research
collection is not accessible to the public.

>>>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
>>>> with mode 2 technology:
>>>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
>>> . .
>>> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
>>> multiple ways -- since its designators
>>> haven't the slightest clue what the
>>> bifaces were for.
>> . .
>> Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
>> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
>> . .
>> Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?
>
>Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
>around its circumference and all were for
>the same kind of 'woodworking':
>https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
>https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048

Obviously the range of sizes suggests different uses.
Foulds et al.(2017) have an interesting hypothesis with regard to the
giant ones: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.153

"Despite the lack of extensive reduction used to form its overall
shape, it seems reasonable to suggest that this large handaxe was made
for a clear utilitarian purpose. This is supported by the fact that it
conforms closely to other handaxes within the assemblage, most notably
in the increased reduction intensity around the tip to create
a cutting edge. It may perhaps have been employed as a static tool,
with hominins resting the handaxe on the ground, secured between an
individual’s legs, and resources brought down on the tip for
processing. In this way it could have been used to process faunal
remains to access meat and marrow. Sites such as Isimila,
Elandsfontein and Doornlaagte have provided examples of similar tools
that were found on their edges when excavated, as if pressed into the
ground"

Or perhaps is was used in that position to process branches into
spears.

>>> In any case, this was
>>> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
>>> was far too dry and dusty in upland
>>> areas for hominin occupation.
>> . .
>> At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
>> perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
>> would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
>> of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
>> grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
>> likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.
>
>Presumably during an inter-glacial.

Unlikely, because there is no conclusive evidence of a major lake at
this time, like today.

>>> The illustration may well have come
>>> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
>>> him, then someone from the same
>>> tradition.
>>>. .
>>>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
>> . .
>> Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
>> every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
>> issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.
>
>Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
>is a private organisation based in Texas, and
>is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
>Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
>common patient, or the most commonly seen
>dissection.

You'll find similar illustrations in the latest edition of Gray's
Anatomy because that is the basic anatomy of human skin, with most
racial variation in the degree of pigmentation.

>> It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
>> experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
>
>If anyone (in a position to know) had
>claimed that the diagram represented
>young Africans, I'd take them at their
>word. No such claim has been made.
>
>> But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
>> anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
>> done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
>> the wild.
>> . .
>> Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
>> knowledge.
>
>This is nonsense. You are basing an
>assessment on one diagram, produced
>in an unknown context.
>
>I acknowledge that I am more
>sceptical than most. But then I have
>wide experience of human institutions
>and expect them to be, pretty much,
>as bad as each other. Would PA be
>better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
>Putin were in charge?

Your attitude is way beyond skepsis.
It's paranoid.

>>>>> For example, compare the younger
>>>>> Obama with his current image. That
>>>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
>>>>> would have needed much bigger
>>>>> blood vessels than he has now.
>>>>>. .
>>>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
>
>> Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
>> root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
>> no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
>> Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
>> That's because it's essentially dead tissue.
>
>Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
>tissue' on my head than when we were
>20 years old. That's because our root
>follicles are very much fewer and far less
>productive. His follicles at age 20 would
>have been far in excess of mine at the
>same age. Youthful African hair is very
>different -- as any barber or hair stylist
>will tell you. Africans require their own
>barbers/stylists. Those used only to
>European hair simply can't cope with it.
>The blood supply to African follicles is (at
>a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
>for whites. That's why the arms of
>Serena Williams are relevant.

It's relevant with regard to asymmetry due to pronounced unilateral
physical activity. This is a well-known feature in tennis-players, not
only with regrard to muscle mass, but also bone robusticity:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330930102

But Serena doesn't grow more hair on her tennis arm due to greater
blood supply.

>This matters in PA, because Afro hair
>is generally taken as the ancestral
>form with European and Asian hair
>as derived from it, evolving under
>different conditions. African hair is
>'expensive' in terms of resources so,
>whenever it ceased to be essential,
>less-demanding weaker forms
>emerged.

Actually, people of African descent have on average some of the lowest
hair densities and growth rates, and median hair diameter.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1684/ejd.2015.2726
https://www.karger.com/article/fulltext/485522

That does not support your expensive tissue hypothesis.
You've been misled by appearances, a full head of afro is more
impressive than a crew cut.
>Yet, this most conspicuous human
>feature is NEVER discussed in a
>scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
>been seriously discussed, I'll be most
>surprised.) What is it for? Insulation
>against the sun is not applicable. The
>rest of the body is naked.

Why do males grow beards?

> Why do males grow beards?

Don't you know?
1987 Med Hypoth 24:293-9
"The aquatic ape theory and some common diseases"

On Tuesday, June 14, 2022 at 8:50:15 AM UTC-4, Pandora wrote:
> On Mon, 13 Jun 2022 15:18:55 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
> <yelw...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> >On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
> >
> >>> OK, hominin fossils there are
> >>> slightly more numerous than those of
> >>> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
> >>> of diffierent assumptions.
> >>
> >> Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
> >> 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
> >> were a part of the ecology either.
> >
> >If you or I were curating a collection of
> >local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
> >we'd be sure to include as many hominins
> >as possible -- at the expense of other
> >species.
> The average visitor/tourist is generally more impressed by sabertooths
> and elephants than by hominins. Anyway, they'll be viewing replicas of
> the most complete specimens, which constitute a minority. The research
> collection is not accessible to the public.
> >>>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
> >>>> with mode 2 technology:
> >>>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
> >>> . .
> >>> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
> >>> multiple ways -- since its designators
> >>> haven't the slightest clue what the
> >>> bifaces were for.
> >> . .
> >> Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
> >> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
> >> . .
> >> Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?
> >
> >Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
> >around its circumference and all were for
> >the same kind of 'woodworking':
> >https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
> >https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048
> Obviously the range of sizes suggests different uses.
> Foulds et al.(2017) have an interesting hypothesis with regard to the
> giant ones: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.153
>
> "Despite the lack of extensive reduction used to form its overall
> shape, it seems reasonable to suggest that this large handaxe was made
> for a clear utilitarian purpose. This is supported by the fact that it
> conforms closely to other handaxes within the assemblage, most notably
> in the increased reduction intensity around the tip to create
> a cutting edge. It may perhaps have been employed as a static tool,
> with hominins resting the handaxe on the ground, secured between an
> individual’s legs, and resources brought down on the tip for
> processing. In this way it could have been used to process faunal
> remains to access meat and marrow. Sites such as Isimila,
> Elandsfontein and Doornlaagte have provided examples of similar tools
> that were found on their edges when excavated, as if pressed into the
> ground"
>
> Or perhaps is was used in that position to process branches into
> spears.
> >>> In any case, this was
> >>> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
> >>> was far too dry and dusty in upland
> >>> areas for hominin occupation.
> >> . .
> >> At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
> >> perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
> >> would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
> >> of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
> >> grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
> >> likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.
> >
> >Presumably during an inter-glacial.
> Unlikely, because there is no conclusive evidence of a major lake at
> this time, like today.
> >>> The illustration may well have come
> >>> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
> >>> him, then someone from the same
> >>> tradition.
> >>>. .
> >>>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
> >> . .
> >> Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
> >> every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
> >> issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.
> >
> >Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
> >is a private organisation based in Texas, and
> >is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
> >Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
> >common patient, or the most commonly seen
> >dissection.
> You'll find similar illustrations in the latest edition of Gray's
> Anatomy because that is the basic anatomy of human skin, with most
> racial variation in the degree of pigmentation.
> >> It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
> >> experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
> >
> >If anyone (in a position to know) had
> >claimed that the diagram represented
> >young Africans, I'd take them at their
> >word. No such claim has been made.
> >
> >> But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
> >> anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
> >> done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
> >> the wild.
> >> . .
> >> Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
> >> knowledge.
> >
> >This is nonsense. You are basing an
> >assessment on one diagram, produced
> >in an unknown context.
> >
> >I acknowledge that I am more
> >sceptical than most. But then I have
> >wide experience of human institutions
> >and expect them to be, pretty much,
> >as bad as each other. Would PA be
> >better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
> >Putin were in charge?
> Your attitude is way beyond skepsis.
> It's paranoid.
> >>>>> For example, compare the younger
> >>>>> Obama with his current image. That
> >>>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
> >>>>> would have needed much bigger
> >>>>> blood vessels than he has now.
> >>>>>. .
> >>>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
> >
> >> Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
> >> root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
> >> no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
> >> Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
> >> That's because it's essentially dead tissue.
> >
> >Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
> >tissue' on my head than when we were
> >20 years old. That's because our root
> >follicles are very much fewer and far less
> >productive. His follicles at age 20 would
> >have been far in excess of mine at the
> >same age. Youthful African hair is very
> >different -- as any barber or hair stylist
> >will tell you. Africans require their own
> >barbers/stylists. Those used only to
> >European hair simply can't cope with it.
> >The blood supply to African follicles is (at
> >a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
> >for whites. That's why the arms of
> >Serena Williams are relevant.
> It's relevant with regard to asymmetry due to pronounced unilateral
> physical activity. This is a well-known feature in tennis-players, not
> only with regrard to muscle mass, but also bone robusticity:
> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330930102
>
> But Serena doesn't grow more hair on her tennis arm due to greater
> blood supply.
> >This matters in PA, because Afro hair
> >is generally taken as the ancestral
> >form with European and Asian hair
> >as derived from it, evolving under
> >different conditions. African hair is
> >'expensive' in terms of resources so,
> >whenever it ceased to be essential,
> >less-demanding weaker forms
> >emerged.
> Actually, people of African descent have on average some of the lowest
> hair densities and growth rates, and median hair diameter.
> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1684/ejd.2015.2726
> https://www.karger.com/article/fulltext/485522
>
> That does not support your expensive tissue hypothesis.
> You've been misled by appearances, a full head of afro is more
> impressive than a crew cut.
> >Yet, this most conspicuous human
> >feature is NEVER discussed in a
> >scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
> >been seriously discussed, I'll be most
> >surprised.) What is it for? Insulation
> >against the sun is not applicable. The
> >rest of the body is naked.
> Why do males grow beards?

On Tuesday, June 14, 2022 at 8:50:15 AM UTC-4, Pandora wrote:
> On Mon, 13 Jun 2022 15:18:55 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
> <yelw...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> >On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
> >
> >>> OK, hominin fossils there are
> >>> slightly more numerous than those of
> >>> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
> >>> of diffierent assumptions.
> >>
> >> Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
> >> 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
> >> were a part of the ecology either.
> >
> >If you or I were curating a collection of
> >local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
> >we'd be sure to include as many hominins
> >as possible -- at the expense of other
> >species.
> The average visitor/tourist is generally more impressed by sabertooths
> and elephants than by hominins. Anyway, they'll be viewing replicas of
> the most complete specimens, which constitute a minority. The research
> collection is not accessible to the public.
> >>>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
> >>>> with mode 2 technology:
> >>>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
> >>> . .
> >>> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
> >>> multiple ways -- since its designators
> >>> haven't the slightest clue what the
> >>> bifaces were for.
> >> . .
> >> Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
> >> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
> >> . .
> >> Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?
> >
> >Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
> >around its circumference and all were for
> >the same kind of 'woodworking':
> >https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
> >https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048
> Obviously the range of sizes suggests different uses.
> Foulds et al.(2017) have an interesting hypothesis with regard to the
> giant ones: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.153
>
> "Despite the lack of extensive reduction used to form its overall
> shape, it seems reasonable to suggest that this large handaxe was made
> for a clear utilitarian purpose. This is supported by the fact that it
> conforms closely to other handaxes within the assemblage, most notably
> in the increased reduction intensity around the tip to create
> a cutting edge. It may perhaps have been employed as a static tool,
> with hominins resting the handaxe on the ground, secured between an
> individual’s legs, and resources brought down on the tip for
> processing. In this way it could have been used to process faunal
> remains to access meat and marrow. Sites such as Isimila,
> Elandsfontein and Doornlaagte have provided examples of similar tools
> that were found on their edges when excavated, as if pressed into the
> ground"
>
> Or perhaps is was used in that position to process branches into
> spears.
> >>> In any case, this was
> >>> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
> >>> was far too dry and dusty in upland
> >>> areas for hominin occupation.
> >> . .
> >> At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
> >> perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
> >> would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
> >> of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
> >> grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
> >> likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.
> >
> >Presumably during an inter-glacial.
> Unlikely, because there is no conclusive evidence of a major lake at
> this time, like today.
> >>> The illustration may well have come
> >>> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
> >>> him, then someone from the same
> >>> tradition.
> >>>. .
> >>>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
> >> . .
> >> Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
> >> every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
> >> issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.
> >
> >Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
> >is a private organisation based in Texas, and
> >is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
> >Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
> >common patient, or the most commonly seen
> >dissection.
> You'll find similar illustrations in the latest edition of Gray's
> Anatomy because that is the basic anatomy of human skin, with most
> racial variation in the degree of pigmentation.
> >> It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
> >> experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
> >
> >If anyone (in a position to know) had
> >claimed that the diagram represented
> >young Africans, I'd take them at their
> >word. No such claim has been made.
> >
> >> But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
> >> anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
> >> done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
> >> the wild.
> >> . .
> >> Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
> >> knowledge.
> >
> >This is nonsense. You are basing an
> >assessment on one diagram, produced
> >in an unknown context.
> >
> >I acknowledge that I am more
> >sceptical than most. But then I have
> >wide experience of human institutions
> >and expect them to be, pretty much,
> >as bad as each other. Would PA be
> >better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
> >Putin were in charge?
> Your attitude is way beyond skepsis.
> It's paranoid.
> >>>>> For example, compare the younger
> >>>>> Obama with his current image. That
> >>>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
> >>>>> would have needed much bigger
> >>>>> blood vessels than he has now.
> >>>>>. .
> >>>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
> >
> >> Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
> >> root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
> >> no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
> >> Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
> >> That's because it's essentially dead tissue.
> >
> >Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
> >tissue' on my head than when we were
> >20 years old. That's because our root
> >follicles are very much fewer and far less
> >productive. His follicles at age 20 would
> >have been far in excess of mine at the
> >same age. Youthful African hair is very
> >different -- as any barber or hair stylist
> >will tell you. Africans require their own
> >barbers/stylists. Those used only to
> >European hair simply can't cope with it.
> >The blood supply to African follicles is (at
> >a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
> >for whites. That's why the arms of
> >Serena Williams are relevant.
> It's relevant with regard to asymmetry due to pronounced unilateral
> physical activity. This is a well-known feature in tennis-players, not
> only with regrard to muscle mass, but also bone robusticity:
> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330930102
>
> But Serena doesn't grow more hair on her tennis arm due to greater
> blood supply.
> >This matters in PA, because Afro hair
> >is generally taken as the ancestral
> >form with European and Asian hair
> >as derived from it, evolving under
> >different conditions.

Afro hair is obviously derived.
In SW Australia, the oldest DNA signature is in people with the straightest hair (which is round in cross-section). People in Papua and east Australia have curlier hair and have later DNA signatures.

African hair is
> >'expensive' in terms of resources so,
> >whenever it ceased to be essential,
> >less-demanding weaker forms
> >emerged.
> Actually, people of African descent have on average some of the lowest
> hair densities and growth rates, and median hair diameter.
> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1684/ejd.2015.2726
> https://www.karger.com/article/fulltext/485522
>
> That does not support your expensive tissue hypothesis.
> You've been misled by appearances, a full head of afro is more
> impressive than a crew cut.
> >Yet, this most conspicuous human
> >feature is NEVER discussed in a
> >scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
> >been seriously discussed, I'll be most
> >surprised.) What is it for? Insulation
> >against the sun is not applicable. The
> >rest of the body is naked.
> Why do males grow beards?

On Tuesday, June 14, 2022 at 11:15:34 PM UTC-4, DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves wrote:
> On Tuesday, June 14, 2022 at 8:50:15 AM UTC-4, Pandora wrote:
> > On Mon, 13 Jun 2022 15:18:55 -0700 (PDT), Paul Crowley
> > <yelw...@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > >On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
> > >
> > >>> OK, hominin fossils there are
> > >>> slightly more numerous than those of
> > >>> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
> > >>> of diffierent assumptions.
> > >>
> > >> Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
> > >> 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
> > >> were a part of the ecology either.
> > >
> > >If you or I were curating a collection of
> > >local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
> > >we'd be sure to include as many hominins
> > >as possible -- at the expense of other
> > >species.
> > The average visitor/tourist is generally more impressed by sabertooths
> > and elephants than by hominins. Anyway, they'll be viewing replicas of
> > the most complete specimens, which constitute a minority. The research
> > collection is not accessible to the public.
> > >>>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
> > >>>> with mode 2 technology:
> > >>>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
> > >>> . .
> > >>> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
> > >>> multiple ways -- since its designators
> > >>> haven't the slightest clue what the
> > >>> bifaces were for.
> > >> . .
> > >> Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
> > >> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
> > >> . .
> > >> Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?
> > >
> > >Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
> > >around its circumference and all were for
> > >the same kind of 'woodworking':
> > >https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
> > >https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048
> > Obviously the range of sizes suggests different uses.
> > Foulds et al.(2017) have an interesting hypothesis with regard to the
> > giant ones: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.153
> >
> > "Despite the lack of extensive reduction used to form its overall
> > shape, it seems reasonable to suggest that this large handaxe was made
> > for a clear utilitarian purpose. This is supported by the fact that it
> > conforms closely to other handaxes within the assemblage, most notably
> > in the increased reduction intensity around the tip to create
> > a cutting edge. It may perhaps have been employed as a static tool,
> > with hominins resting the handaxe on the ground, secured between an
> > individual’s legs, and resources brought down on the tip for
> > processing. In this way it could have been used to process faunal
> > remains to access meat and marrow. Sites such as Isimila,
> > Elandsfontein and Doornlaagte have provided examples of similar tools
> > that were found on their edges when excavated, as if pressed into the
> > ground"
> >
> > Or perhaps is was used in that position to process branches into
> > spears.
> > >>> In any case, this was
> > >>> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
> > >>> was far too dry and dusty in upland
> > >>> areas for hominin occupation.
> > >> . .
> > >> At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
> > >> perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
> > >> would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
> > >> of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
> > >> grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
> > >> likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.
> > >
> > >Presumably during an inter-glacial.
> > Unlikely, because there is no conclusive evidence of a major lake at
> > this time, like today.
> > >>> The illustration may well have come
> > >>> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
> > >>> him, then someone from the same
> > >>> tradition.
> > >>>. .
> > >>>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
> > >> . .
> > >> Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
> > >> every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
> > >> issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.
> > >
> > >Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
> > >is a private organisation based in Texas, and
> > >is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
> > >Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
> > >common patient, or the most commonly seen
> > >dissection.
> > You'll find similar illustrations in the latest edition of Gray's
> > Anatomy because that is the basic anatomy of human skin, with most
> > racial variation in the degree of pigmentation.
> > >> It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
> > >> experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
> > >
> > >If anyone (in a position to know) had
> > >claimed that the diagram represented
> > >young Africans, I'd take them at their
> > >word. No such claim has been made.
> > >
> > >> But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
> > >> anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
> > >> done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
> > >> the wild.
> > >> . .
> > >> Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
> > >> knowledge.
> > >
> > >This is nonsense. You are basing an
> > >assessment on one diagram, produced
> > >in an unknown context.
> > >
> > >I acknowledge that I am more
> > >sceptical than most. But then I have
> > >wide experience of human institutions
> > >and expect them to be, pretty much,
> > >as bad as each other. Would PA be
> > >better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
> > >Putin were in charge?
> > Your attitude is way beyond skepsis.
> > It's paranoid.
> > >>>>> For example, compare the younger
> > >>>>> Obama with his current image. That
> > >>>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
> > >>>>> would have needed much bigger
> > >>>>> blood vessels than he has now.
> > >>>>>. .
> > >>>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
> > >
> > >> Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
> > >> root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
> > >> no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
> > >> Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
> > >> That's because it's essentially dead tissue.
> > >
> > >Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
> > >tissue' on my head than when we were
> > >20 years old. That's because our root
> > >follicles are very much fewer and far less
> > >productive. His follicles at age 20 would
> > >have been far in excess of mine at the
> > >same age. Youthful African hair is very
> > >different -- as any barber or hair stylist
> > >will tell you. Africans require their own
> > >barbers/stylists. Those used only to
> > >European hair simply can't cope with it.
> > >The blood supply to African follicles is (at
> > >a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
> > >for whites. That's why the arms of
> > >Serena Williams are relevant.
> > It's relevant with regard to asymmetry due to pronounced unilateral
> > physical activity. This is a well-known feature in tennis-players, not
> > only with regrard to muscle mass, but also bone robusticity:
> > https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330930102
> >
> > But Serena doesn't grow more hair on her tennis arm due to greater
> > blood supply.
> > >This matters in PA, because Afro hair
> > >is generally taken as the ancestral
> > >form with European and Asian hair
> > >as derived from it, evolving under
> > >different conditions.
> Afro hair is obviously derived.
> In SW Australia, the oldest DNA signature is in people with the straightest hair (which is round in cross-section). People in Papua and east Australia have curlier hair and have later DNA signatures.

On Monday, June 13, 2022 at 6:18:56 PM UTC-4, Paul Crowley wrote:
> On Monday 13 June 2022 at 11:09:40 UTC+1, Pandora wrote:
>
> >> OK, hominin fossils there are
> >> slightly more numerous than those of
> >> walrusses -- but not by enough for a set
> >> of diffierent assumptions.
> >
> > Hominidae represents about 5% of specimens in the Turkana Database of
> > 13,548 published records, compared to 2% Felidae. I guess felids never
> > were a part of the ecology either.
> If you or I were curating a collection of
> local fossils for vistors (and tourists?)
> we'd be sure to include as many hominins
> as possible -- at the expense of other
> species.
> >>> Unless you're part of a community with cooperative multi-male groups
> >>> with mode 2 technology:
> >>> https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28766
> >> . .
> >> "Mode 2 technology" is a joke -- in
> >> multiple ways -- since its designators
> >> haven't the slightest clue what the
> >> bifaces were for.
> > . .
> > Residue analysis would suggest otherwise:
> > https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248400904664
> > . .
> > Now, what kind of woodworking could that have been?
> Each of these tools had a sharp edge all
> around its circumference and all were for
> the same kind of 'woodworking':
> https://phys.org/news/2009-09-giant-stone-age-axes-african-lake.html
> https://twitter.com/huw_groucutt/status/994940517275394048
>
> The 'study' of 'handaxes' appears to
> require an extreme form of dumbness,
> -- beyond even the range of the present
> British Cabinet under Johnson. Would
> "Mad Nad" make a good PA?
> >> In any case, this was
> >> an ice-age and, most of the time, it
> >> was far too dry and dusty in upland
> >> areas for hominin occupation.
> > . .
> > At the time of the Turkana Boy the paleoenvironment consisted of the
> > perennial channels of the Omo River and shallow lakes or ponds that
> > would have persisted in topographic lows during the dry season. Much
> > of the floodbasin would have been floored by seasonally flooded
> > grasslands. The marsh in which the hominid bones were deposited was
> > likely a flood pan. Not so dry after all.
> Presumably during an inter-glacial.
> > According to your hypothesis hominins were so rare they never were
> > part of the ecology and so were unlikely to have been the cause of
> > faunal turnover.
> They were common enough to leave
> billions upon billions of 'hand-axes'
> (all presumably left during inter-
> glacials). That STILL does not mean
> that there were viable hominin
> populations in the area. In fact, it
> demonstrates the opposite. Those
> making, using and apparently
> discarding (in near-perfect condition)
> these 'wood-working tools' did NOT
> bring their females with them. Those
> billions upon billions were consumed
> in a constant effort to suppress the
> relatively high levels of carnivores (+
> omnivores) in the locality, meaning
> that hominin infants would have
> been in too much danger.
> >>> It has never prevented traditional hunter-gatherers such as the Hadza
> >>> and !Kung from making a living there.
> >> . .
> >> "The Hadza do not obtain salt from the lake but many of
> >> their natural water sources are distinctly brackish."
> >> https://www.jstor.org/stable/41459776
> >> . .
> >> !Kung used to migrate great distances
> >> seasonally, no doubt finding salt along
> >> the way.
> > . .
> > See, it's not so hard.
> It's very hard. Human populations
> with high technology can -- just about
> -- survive. But it's not an environment
> in which they'd evolve.
> >> The illustration may well have come
> >> from the hand of Frank Netter. If not
> >> him, then someone from the same
> >> tradition.
> >>. .
> >>"Frank Netter, the father of medical illustration?is work is 100 percent white people,"
> > . .
> > Gray's Anatomy is now in its 42 edition, revised and updated with
> > every edition to reflect the latest developments, including racial
> > issues. It's the work of many qualified medical practioners.
> Blausen Medical, who provided that diagram,
> is a private organisation based in Texas, and
> is not Gray's Anatomy. The ONE diagram in
> Wikipedia is likely to represent the most
> common patient, or the most commonly seen
> dissection.
> > It seems that in your world-picture you can only trust your own
> > experience, not that of others, nothing that has been handed on.
> If anyone (in a position to know) had
> claimed that the diagram represented
> young Africans, I'd take them at their
> word. No such claim has been made.
> > But then, you don't have your own experience with regard to such
> > anatomical detail as the blood circulation of the skin (you haven't
> > done your own dissections) or with regard to chimpanzee behaviour in
> > the wild.
> > . .
> > Again, you do not play the normal language game with regard to
> > knowledge.
> This is nonsense. You are basing an
> assessment on one diagram, produced
> in an unknown context.
>
> I acknowledge that I am more
> sceptical than most. But then I have
> wide experience of human institutions
> and expect them to be, pretty much,
> as bad as each other. Would PA be
> better if Donald Trump or Vladimir
> Putin were in charge?
> >>>> For example, compare the younger
> >>>> Obama with his current image. That
> >>>> shock of fast-growing strong dark hair
> >>>> would have needed much bigger
> >>>> blood vessels than he has now.
> >>>>. .
> >>>> https://www.askideas.com/barack-obama-with-afro-hair-funny-political/
> > Hair is not muscle tissue. Hair is metabolically active only at the
> > root (follicle). No matter how big the bush on your head it requires
> > no more energy to grow and maintain then in a skinhead.
> > Has it ever occured to you that cutting your hair doesn't hurt?
> > That's because it's essentially dead tissue.
> Like Obama now, I have far less 'dead
> tissue' on my head than when we were
> 20 years old. That's because our root
> follicles are very much fewer and far less
> productive. His follicles at age 20 would
> have been far in excess of mine at the
> same age. Youthful African hair is very
> different -- as any barber or hair stylist
> will tell you. Africans require their own
> barbers/stylists. Those used only to
> European hair simply can't cope with it.

Hard to believe PC has been studying human evolution for so long.
Both Asian ultra straight hair (via arid cool temperate siberian steppe, mongolian desert) and African tightly coiled hair (via hot humid tropics) are derived from straight ape hair. See the photo of orangutans.

Afros block infrared heat while allowing air flow to cool scalp.
Asian hair is flat layered, preventing heat loss from scalp.
Both of these conditions developed after Homo sapiens evolved.

> The blood supply to African follicles is (at
> a guess) ten to a hundred times the level
> for whites. That's why the arms of
> Serena Williams are relevant.
>
> This matters in PA, because Afro hair
> is generally taken as the ancestral
> form with European and Asian hair
> as derived from it, evolving under
> different conditions. African hair is
> 'expensive' in terms of resources so,
> whenever it ceased to be essential,
> less-demanding weaker forms
> emerged.
>
> Yet, this most conspicuous human
> feature is NEVER discussed in a
> scientific PA paper. (If it has ever
> been seriously discussed, I'll be most
> surprised.) What is it for? Insulation
> against the sun is not applicable. The
> rest of the body is naked.

Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 05:09:24 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
....
> > Why do males grow beards?

> Rather why (how) did female Homo reduce the beard so drastically?
> Post-menopausal women tend to grow more facial hair.
> Beards were simply easily grasped hair for piggyback riding babies.
> The derived habit of wearing clothes, net bags, tumplines, pelts, baskets etc. gave advantages culturally/economically in carrying efficiency, and beards of mothers lost their benefit. Males retained theirs as defensive throat-protection in inter-male dominance battles (better to have a beard gripped & ripped than one's throat.).

:-DDD

Already caught your kudu, my boy?

On Wednesday, June 15, 2022 at 2:06:30 AM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 05:09:24 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> ...
> > > Why do males grow beards?
>
> > Rather why (how) did female Homo reduce the beard so drastically?
> > Post-menopausal women tend to grow more facial hair.
> > Beards were simply easily grasped hair for piggyback riding babies.
> > The derived habit of wearing clothes, net bags, tumplines, pelts, baskets etc. gave advantages culturally/economically in carrying efficiency, and beards of mothers lost their benefit. Males retained theirs as defensive throat-protection in inter-male dominance battles (better to have a beard gripped & ripped than one's throat.).
> :-DDD
>
> Already caught your kudu, my boy?
Asks the beardless dutch child.

On Tue, 14 Jun 2022 09:12:16 -0700 (PDT), "littor...@gmail.com"
<littoral.homo@gmail.com> wrote:

>> Why do males grow beards?
>
>Don't you know?
>1987 Med Hypoth 24:293-9
>"The aquatic ape theory and some common diseases"

"so that the male's neck was streamlined for a swimming
life-style"

Then why only males?

On Wednesday, June 15, 2022 at 2:06:30 AM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 05:09:24 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> ...
> > > Why do males grow beards?
>
> > Rather why (how) did female Homo reduce the beard so drastically?
> > Post-menopausal women tend to grow more facial hair.
> > Beards were simply easily grasped hair for piggyback riding babies.
> > The derived habit of wearing clothes, net bags, tumplines, pelts, baskets etc. gave advantages culturally/economically in carrying efficiency, and beards of mothers lost their benefit. Males retained theirs as defensive throat-protection in inter-male dominance battles (better to have a beard gripped & ripped than one's throat.).
> :-DDD
>
> Already caught your kudu, my boy?

Koedoes on the brain, meine kleine tochter? (Prions?)

Koedoes Residency (Dutch: Residentie Koedoes) was an administrative division (Residency) of Central Java province of the Dutch East Indies with its capital at Kudus, which existed between 1928 and 1931.[1]

Learn some history, please.

Start with a prehistoric Dutch fish trap here: https://images.app.goo.gl/tqeZq8nVCNxxAhpF8
That is derived from a wicker domeshield. In India it is called "kudu", in Dutch "koedoe".

On Wednesday, June 15, 2022 at 5:27:23 AM UTC-4, DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves wrote:
> On Wednesday, June 15, 2022 at 2:06:30 AM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> > Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 05:09:24 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> > ...
> > > > Why do males grow beards?
> >
> > > Rather why (how) did female Homo reduce the beard so drastically?
> > > Post-menopausal women tend to grow more facial hair.
> > > Beards were simply easily grasped hair for piggyback riding babies.
> > > The derived habit of wearing clothes, net bags, tumplines, pelts, baskets etc. gave advantages culturally/economically in carrying efficiency, and beards of mothers lost their benefit. Males retained theirs as defensive throat-protection in inter-male dominance battles (better to have a beard gripped & ripped than one's throat.).
> > :-DDD
> >
> > Already caught your kudu, my boy?
> Koedoes on the brain, meine kleine tochter? (Prions?)
>
> Koedoes Residency (Dutch: Residentie Koedoes) was an administrative division (Residency) of Central Java province of the Dutch East Indies with its capital at Kudus, which existed between 1928 and 1931.[1]
>
> Learn some history, please.
>
> Start with a prehistoric Dutch fish trap here: https://images.app.goo.gl/tqeZq8nVCNxxAhpF8
> That is derived from a wicker domeshield. In India it is called "kudu", in Dutch "koedoe".

Dubois chased H erectus at Kudus, Ngandong, Trinil, Mojokerto, Solo river, by walking in the same area:
https://images.app.goo.gl/ekfk3W8SZsRTrbq6A
https://images.app.goo.gl/omPGxMSnWzUiDXGt9
No need for mermaid detours! Just follow Kudus!

Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 10:39:07 UTC+2 schreef Pandora:

> >> Why do males grow beards?

> >Don't you know?
> >1987 Med Hypoth 24:293-9
> >"The aquatic ape theory and some common diseases"

> "so that the male's neck was streamlined for a swimming
> life-style"

:-) Good boy!

> Then why only males?

Ever heard of children?
Menopauze = no children.

Some idiot who doesn't know the difference between German & Dutch.

> Koedoes on the brain, meine kleine tochter?

Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 12:17:46 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:

> Dubois chased H erectus at Kudus, Ngandong, Trinil, Mojokerto, Solo river, by walking in the same area:
> https://images.app.goo.gl/ekfk3W8SZsRTrbq6A
> https://images.app.goo.gl/omPGxMSnWzUiDXGt9
> No need for mermaid detours! Just follow Kudus!

If you understand a bit of Dutch (??), this is from my new book:

Homo erectus is gevonden in aanslibvlaktes, kustmoerassen en rivierdelta’s, vaak in papyrus- en rietbedden. Maar hoe representatief is dat? Zijn kusten traditioneel onderschat als leefmilieu? Golven, eb en vloed, springtij, tsunami’s, wisselende zeenivo’s en geologische processen hinderen fossilisatie. Stephen Munro heeft voor zijn antropologie-thesis lijsten gemaakt van de weekdieren in hominide vindplaatsen: altijd waren er massa’s water, typisch met tweekleppigen. Homo en australopitheken vindt men vaak bij rivierschelpen (Corbicula, in ondiep stromend zoetwater), australopitheken blijkbaar nooit bij zeeschelpen, Homo zelden bij bosschelpen of grottenslakken, wel vaak bij grotere schelpdieren, ook zeeschelpen. ...
Het Mojokerto-kind (~1,8 Ma?) kwam uit een brede delta vol zeepokken, koralen, zee- en zoetwaterschelpen wijzend op mangroves, strand en moddervlaktes, met fossiele botten van olifanten, neushoorns en nijlpaarden, zwijnen, tapirs, buffels en antilopes, tijgers, hondachtigen en apen. Het schedeldak en dijbot van Trinil lagen volgens José Joordens bij eetbare zoetwaterschelpen (Pseudodon en Elongaria). En Sangiran-17 (~1,6 Ma?), de meest intacte schedel op Java, kwam uit een brakwatermoeras aan de kust.
In Yuanmou in Zuid-West-China lagen erectus-achtige snijtanden en stenen werktuigen (~1,7 Ma) nabij een moeras of meer toen vol schelpdieren (Zhu 2008). In Aïn-Hanech en el-Kherba in Algerije lagen werktuigen in een wijde riviermond (~1,8 Ma), en in Iran aan een uitgestrekt meer (paleo-lake, Dennell 2003). In Dmanisi in Georgië (~1,8 Ma) vond David Lordkipanidze georgicus-fossielen aan of in ‘een meer of vijver rijk aan lacustriene voedselbronnen’, waar grote rivieren samenstroomden naar de para-Tethische Kaspische–Zwarte-Zee-verbinding toen (de Kaukasus stijgt ~2 cm/jaar), omgeven door bergbossen en droge en open gebieden met een gemengd Afro–Euraziatische fauna: struisvogels, makaken en kortnekgiraffes naast bevers, wolven en sabeltandkatten. In Oost-Afrikaanse ‘meer’afzettingen aan het brakke Turkana-meer (José Joordens e.a. geologen zien een mariene incursie ~1,8 Ma) lagen verscheidene ergaster-achtigen, soms erg gelijkend op georgicus. De bekende ‘Turkana Boy’ van Nariokotome (WT15k ~1,6 Ma) lag tussen resten van riet, moerasslakken, katvissen, waterschildpadden, nijlvaranen en pootafdrukken van nijlpaarden in mudstone, gevormd in stilstaand water. In Ileret (NW-Kenya ~1.5 Ma) vond men erectus-achtige voetsporen veel frequenter dan verwacht aan meeroevers, in ondiep water of modder, vaak nabij die van krokodillen, pelikanen en waadvogels, neushoorns, olifanten, zwijnen, moeras- en andere antilopes (Roach 2016).

IOW, only incredible imbeciles think their ancestors ran after kudus! :-DDD

littor...@gmail.com = idiot who doesn't know the difference between Afrikaans & Dutch.

Does this Brugges infant salmon spawn understand that his favorite animal is from southern Africa, not Netherlands??

> > Koedoes on the brain, meine kleine tochter?

Dubois was in Kudus, Central Java, not southern Africa!

On Wednesday, June 15, 2022 at 7:22:42 AM UTC-4, littor...@gmail.com wrote:
> Op woensdag 15 juni 2022 om 12:17:46 UTC+2 schreef DD'eDeN aka note/nickname/alas_my_loves:
> > Dubois chased H erectus at Kudus, Ngandong, Trinil, Mojokerto, Solo river, by walking in the same area:
> > https://images.app.goo.gl/ekfk3W8SZsRTrbq6A
> > https://images.app.goo.gl/omPGxMSnWzUiDXGt9
> > No need for mermaid detours! Just follow Kudus!
> If you understand a bit of Dutch (??), this is from my new book:

Translate to Javanese or Indonesian or Afrikaans, even the Dutch don't speak Dutch anymore.

Btw, do you know what dubois means? Of the woods.

> Homo erectus is gevonden in aanslibvlaktes, kustmoerassen en rivierdelta’s, vaak in papyrus- en rietbedden. Maar hoe representatief is dat? Zijn kusten traditioneel onderschat als leefmilieu? Golven, eb en vloed, springtij, tsunami’s, wisselende zeenivo’s en geologische processen hinderen fossilisatie. Stephen Munro heeft voor zijn antropologie-thesis lijsten gemaakt van de weekdieren in hominide vindplaatsen: altijd waren er massa’s water, typisch met tweekleppigen. Homo en australopitheken vindt men vaak bij rivierschelpen (Corbicula, in ondiep stromend zoetwater), australopitheken blijkbaar nooit bij zeeschelpen, Homo zelden bij bosschelpen of grottenslakken, wel vaak bij grotere schelpdieren, ook zeeschelpen. ...
> Het Mojokerto-kind (~1,8 Ma?) kwam uit een brede delta vol zeepokken, koralen, zee- en zoetwaterschelpen wijzend op mangroves, strand en moddervlaktes, met fossiele botten van olifanten, neushoorns en nijlpaarden, zwijnen, tapirs, buffels en antilopes, tijgers, hondachtigen en apen. Het schedeldak en dijbot van Trinil lagen volgens José Joordens bij eetbare zoetwaterschelpen (Pseudodon en Elongaria). En Sangiran-17 (~1,6 Ma?), de meest intacte schedel op Java, kwam uit een brakwatermoeras aan de kust.
> In Yuanmou in Zuid-West-China lagen erectus-achtige snijtanden en stenen werktuigen (~1,7 Ma) nabij een moeras of meer toen vol schelpdieren (Zhu 2008). In Aïn-Hanech en el-Kherba in Algerije lagen werktuigen in een wijde riviermond (~1,8 Ma), en in Iran aan een uitgestrekt meer (paleo-lake, Dennell 2003). In Dmanisi in Georgië (~1,8 Ma) vond David Lordkipanidze georgicus-fossielen aan of in ‘een meer of vijver rijk aan lacustriene voedselbronnen’, waar grote rivieren samenstroomden naar de para-Tethische Kaspische–Zwarte-Zee-verbinding toen (de Kaukasus stijgt ~2 cm/jaar), omgeven door bergbossen en droge en open gebieden met een gemengd Afro–Euraziatische fauna: struisvogels, makaken en kortnekgiraffes naast bevers, wolven en sabeltandkatten. In Oost-Afrikaanse ‘meer’afzettingen aan het brakke Turkana-meer (José Joordens e.a. geologen zien een mariene incursie ~1,8 Ma) lagen verscheidene ergaster-achtigen, soms erg gelijkend op georgicus. De bekende ‘Turkana Boy’ van Nariokotome (WT15k ~1,6 Ma) lag tussen resten van riet, moerasslakken, katvissen, waterschildpadden, nijlvaranen en pootafdrukken van nijlpaarden in mudstone, gevormd in stilstaand water. In Ileret (NW-Kenya ~1.5 Ma) vond men erectus-achtige voetsporen veel frequenter dan verwacht aan meeroevers, in ondiep water of modder, vaak nabij die van krokodillen, pelikanen en waadvogels, neushoorns, olifanten, zwijnen, moeras- en andere antilopes (Roach 2016).
>

IOW, only Dubois thought human ancestors lived in Central Java near trinil, sangiran & kudus! And he was correct!
:-DD

> Btw, do you know what dubois means? Of the woods.

No, my little boy: of the wood.
What do you know: no Dutch, no French, no anthropology...